英語科技論文寫作 [再談科技英語論文寫作中的定義與敘述]

　　摘要：本文針對科技英語論文的特點，論述了科技英語論文主體中常用的定義與敘述寫作方法，分析其常用句型的結(jié)構(gòu)、特點并給出多種不同形式的應用實例。 　　關鍵詞：科技英語論文寫作；定義；敘述
　　中圖分類號：H315 文獻標識碼：A
　　
　　文章的主體是科技論文的核心部分，是主題思想的展開和論述。作者可根據(jù)需要在文章中加小標題，將主體內(nèi)容分為幾個部分進行論述。科技論文的英文寫作通常把每段的主體句（Topic Sentence）放在段落的第一句，全段圍繞主體句論述，定義與敘述是科技論文寫作中又一種常用的寫作方法。
　　
　　一、定義（Definition）
　　
　�。ㄒ唬㊣ntroduction
　　When making a hypothesis（假說）or other statement， scientists must make sure that they will beunderstood by other researchers. Misunderstandings occur when there are different concepts of what is being discussed.
　　A definition answers the question， “What is it?” Sometimes a definition is necessary because a word or concept has more than one meaning. For example， whether carbon is a metal or nonmetal depends on how you define carbon. At other times， a definition is required because a term is being used in a special way. For example， physicists use the terms work and energy in ways that are more specific than their common meanings. A definition should be complete enough to include all the items in the category yet narrow enough to eliminate items that do not belong. The Greek philosopher Plato once defined man as a two-legged creature that has no feathers. The problem with Plato"s definition was that it did not distinguish a man from other two-legged creatures without feathers. Communication between researchers is dependent on precise definitions of substances， concepts， processes， and ideas.
　　Greek philosopher Plato 希臘哲學家帕拉圖
　　
　　（二）Sentence patterns
　　Sentence pattern 1:
　　An astronomer is a scientist whostudies the universe.
　　A barometeris an instrumentthat measures air pressure.
　　Conductionis a process by which heat is transferred.
　　A laboratoryis a place whereexperiments are performed.
　　Physicsis the study ofmatter and energy.
　　A volt is a unitfor measuring electrical pressure.
　　 Sentence pattern 2:
　　Mercuryisa liquidmetal.
　　Asbestosis a fire-resistantmineral.
　　A dinosaurisa prehistoric reptile.
　　A monkeyis a small， long -tailedprimate.
　　
　�。ㄈ�）Application Examples
　　be 是
　　mean 意思是，意味著，意指
　　denote 表示，指
　　imply 意思是，意味著
　　be named 命名為，被稱為
　　Examples：
　　1. Printers are output devices.
　　打印機是輸出設備。
　　2. Multiprogramming means the existence of many programs in different parts of main memory at the same time.
　　多道程序意味著在主存儲器的不同部分同時存在著多個程序。
　　3. Data denotes a collection of facts that can serve as operands to computer program.
　　數(shù)據(jù)是指可作為計算機程序操作對象的集合。
　　4. A “system” implies a good mixture of integrated parts working together to form useful whole.
　　“系統(tǒng)”意指將協(xié)同工作各部分適當?shù)鼐C合而成的一個有效的整體。
　　5. The first digital computer built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania was named ENIAC.
　　 第一臺計算機是1946年在賓夕法尼亞大學建造的，命名為ENIAC。
　　
　　二、敘述（Describing）
　　
　�。ㄒ唬㊣ntroduction
　　A description serves to introduce a scientist"s view of the world. It may describe conditions， results of an experiment， chemical changes， physical movements， or what is seen through a telescope or microscope. A description may also tell the characteristics or distinctive features of an object―how it look， sounds， tastes， smells， works， or is produced.
　　The nature of something can be explained by describing it. For example， the concept of an atom is difficult to grasp from a definition alone， but a description of its appearance， detailing its structure and function， makes it easier to visualize.
　　
　�。ǘ�）Sentence patterns
　　The Nile River is 4，145 miles long.
　　Mount Everest is 8，848 meters high.
　　The Dead Sea is 11 miles wide.
　　
　　The Nile River has a length 4，145 miles.
　　The Sun has a surface temperature of 11，000°F.
　　The Grand Canyon has a depth of 5，500 feet.
　　
　　The color of iodine is purplish black.
　　The texture of sand is rough and granular.
　　The orbits of planets are elliptical.
　　Pluto is relatively small.
　　Blue stars are extremely hot.
　　Copper salts are slightly blue in aqueous solutions.
　　
　�。ㄈ�）Application Examples
　　be是
　　be considered （to be） 被認為是，被看作
　　be known as 被稱為是，被認為是，即
　　be referred to as 稱為，叫做
　　be thought of as 被認為是
　　be regarded as 被認為是
　　Examples:
　　1.This ability to allow interrupts to interrupt previous interrupts service routines safely are referred to as nested interrupts.
　　允許某些中斷去中斷先前的中斷服務程序，并能正確運行的能力稱為嵌套中斷。
　　2.One of the most important characteristics of a computer is its capability of storing information in its memory long enough to process it.
　　計算機最重要的特性之一就是具有這樣一種能力，即在它的存儲器中保存信息時間長到足以對這些信息進行處理。
　　3.In the majority of applications the computer"s capability to store and access large amounts of information plays the dominant part and is considered to be its primary characteristic.
　　在大部分的應用中，計算機能夠存儲和訪問大量的信息這一特性，起了關鍵的作用，并被看成是計算機的主要特點。
　　除了定義 （Definition） 與敘述（Describing）的寫作方法以外，科技英語論文常用的寫作方法還有：比較（Comparing）、因果（Cause and Effect）、假設（Hypothesizing）、證明（Giving Evidence）、實驗（Experiment）、計算（Calculating）、報告（Reporting）、預測（Predicting）等。
　　
　　參考文獻
　　[1]江華圣.信息技術專業(yè)英語[M].武漢：武漢大學出版社，2006.

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