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R˼AγָһNڵRٵЄAԞA^Yxa(chn)Y˽Юa(chn)Ycoa(chn)Ĺ֮gķֻYa(chn)YϮa(chn)Ĺ͂(qun)(qun)ቺե˲Hܵ߀ܵĵĴݚͮĥ@ӵ֮У˂uRԼλcY֮g{(dio)͵ě_ͻγP(gun)ڹ˙(qun)RΑB(ti)˵ĽMhչ_ƷYAy(tng)εAԱZȡYҵ(qun)Za(chn)YϲF(xin)ƶȡR˼˲δ_AγɵĸՓγɹͬARAMȡAЄӶKɞһA2(yng)ԓעR˼綨ĹAcЇ(dng)ǰĹA@ͬR˼ĹAָa(chn)ˣa(chn)I(y)ˣAMϣȲҲI(y)g(sh)ˆTЇa(chn)hl(f)չ˵ĹAa(chn)ˡ̘I(y)(w)ˆTI(y)ˆT͇ҸɲĻԺ֪RҲ׃ˡAһ֡⣬R˼ĹAcYA(qun)Ї1949ԺĹAtLj(zh)hA(ch)
R˼AγDZȻԵȻ˵ڲܸ׃ڱȻ(do)(yng)RôAγɾDZȻɭġӢAγɡ˹AγɵһЩ;ͨ^a(chn)֮ʽĻ(x)TƶȣԼ˵ĵԺxͬJʹAγɲR˼fȫQijN̶ǹxĽY(ji)@NγҲDZȻԵ3mግHҲ̽ӑ˹AγɡYxǰĚW˺Ј(jng)ǰߴֹI(y)˺ؚߵoͬɆTķҲͨ^ЈǴڻģʽٷģʽֻɵĽ(jng)W(xu)ҹĴЈ(jng)@һ(jng)ʽƷҲmƷĄڄ׃Ʒ`˄ڄߵ˵ıԺԹ˂MЄl(f)ұo\ӡͨ^ϵһϵЙCoڄƷ4mՓ[@һN˼룺Ј(jng)׃Ʒô˾ͲMoԼAͲγɡ
˹̹1900ġMYxtһN^cAa]бҪR˼fǘγ@ǹa(chn)x\ʷġx(jng)(dn)ζ˹ĕIJ˹̹J(jng)v^19oAP(gun)ϵo֮Yѽ(jng)l(f)׃cR˼Pµ˺ܴIJͬR˼PµYҲHΨLjDҲԽr˼19oĩY҄tѽ(jng)ͬ˷I(y)˵ĹY_^R˼PµćҴYa(chn)A棬SAķԽԽy(tng)A֮];19oĩYa(chn)A҄t܉ ȡ˵ҪԸAׅf(xi)F(xin)͇ͱMdzʽĸR˼rYa(chn)AOx(qun)J鹤AһͶƱ(qun)D\A档19oĩYa(chn)Aѽ(jng)cx֮goȻ(lin)ϵh|(zh)QڽY(ji)(gu)RΑB(ti)˹ָ̹l(f)T׃Aѽ(jng)]бҪMбZȡ(qun)̈́ZZǑ(yng)ԓ֧hɞYa(chn)A(ni)һhͨ^ȡhĶ(sh)팍F(xin)ԼhҲ(yng)ԓhwƵҎ(gu)tɞwƵһMɲ
1956꣬ӢĿ˹mġxδҲAǑ(yng)ԓZȡЙ(qun)׃(jng)Y(ji)(gu)Ǒ(yng)ԓȡƙ(qun)cI(y)(jng)IUa(chn)I(y)
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עеĔ(sh)֞xĽY(ji)ÿеİٷֱȴ100%.˂ڲͬ͵ĄYmxОͬڡƲԼYǷ˿ۡļmAwƃ(ni)ЄeՈ˾A(y)͌cYf(xi)Ҳ^˷ŗЄӡڡUm͡I(y)m^˲ȡwЄ^ǰɷNmc˵pP(gun)(lin)ɷNmt{w@ζ(dng)ЄӾͲܾSr^ĿD(zhun)w
cɆTڼmеОЃɘOԣͺ͟oЄֱӿ(dng)Y˿ۻǷmrݵI(y)λI(y)(jng)ԼI(y)g(sh)ˆT^xcf(xi)ЏݵČI(y)g(sh)ˆTkˆT̘I(y)ˆT^xՈ˾A(y)ԼVTýwݛՓLoʩӉݵ̘I(y)ˆTa(chn)˺ͷ(w)ˆTЄt^xͺ͟oЄԼֱӿҊ3@Щ(sh)(j)ͬȺО鷽ʽxcеYԴP(gun)(lin)(dng)YԴ^ࣨrֵԽrܮa(chn)^Ӱ͉ԃAxֱӽͅf(xi)̡YԴԅf(xi)̳ɹ͌ݵ˾ýwĎ]ʲôYԴӰ푌(dng)ֲӰ˾ýwͷŗЄ̟ͣoD(zhun)wЄ
עеĔ(sh)֞xĽY(ji)ÿеİٷֱȴ100%.I(y)ĄYmеОcļmеОͬļmyMW(xu)УyMؼawa˾ɲøҕeL(f)Mmȣļm^xŗЄӺڄYP(gun)ϵmЄt^xֱӿ@ĺxcķஔ(dng)һcļmYP(gun)ϵļmֱӵP(gun)ϵĻ棨͘I(y)롢ϺwпxwЄӡ
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ͶL(fng)U(w)x{YǷUǷȵȡL(fng)UĸҎ(gu)ߣđС³^¶Щǘđ飩ЄбMܵҎ(gu)ܸNL(fng)UeL(fng)U
3ОxԺ@һxxٵxBm(x)VϵҲһǵٵǵBm(x)VϵһurһОĺԳ̶Ș־ărֵQȫ̶fxͷζ^ߵL(fng)UҪҎ(gu)L(fng)UԱ^ҕОĺԣ
ȻĻ֪RˮƽJRԭОˮƽ_ܸߡ
4ָĿˌF(xin)L(fng)UҎ(gu)ܵĸʣǂĿ˕r(j)^l^ДڄYmЌОԵДȡQڃɂأһԼеYԴЄY@һОӰ푵ĿԺ͵˵푑(yng)ĿF(xin)ĿеYԴؚЄ㣬ĿˌF(xin)ĸ^_ij̶Ȳ
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ڇƲļm^Ot?yu)?gu)L(fng)UĿ˷ׅf(xi)
ڄYP(gun)ϵYoǹ]һL(fng)Uر@L(fng)UОxĻǰᡣڼm֮Ըxȡf(xi)څf(xi)̿ڲ͚ǰ ȡ܉ͬ档ˮ(dng)Ȼf(xi)^̺ͽY(ji)ȡQpȫԷҎ(gu)xʄtKһc߅f(xi)Ǐߌ߸˿sTI(y)ĄYpf(xi)̽QǹڇҎ(gu)r˜ʷԓQȡYġͬr֪߀Ȼxf(xi)Jͨ^f(xi)̵õһЩ|ʧȥ͘I(y)C
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cǹ˂Ȼ(qun)һО鷽ʽǿܵxںķ(ni)x܉?q)F(xin)@ӵО鲻^Zij̶^Mв̶ͬȵׅf(xi)кО鷽ʽô(j)Ŀ˺L(fng)Uę(qun)QǷxО(dng)ֺѽ(jng)ӽrxО
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ǰĔ(sh)(j)xl^ߵĶǼȾк־пԵwƃ(ni)ОcYf(xi)̡ͷԺýwڲͬ͵ļmУAںԵķ(ni)xڽQ@NmпԵОڿԵДһA(y)yܷؑ(yng)ԼǷӰYԴ
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ȥՈýwǷYձ飬ýwѽ(jng)ص෴ܶxf(xi)̣ՈYm(dng)l(f)һЩԱSճYһ܉ؑ(yng)вȥ˾ڄٲòTͷԺ@İՈҺ܉ƈ(zh)СڹI(y)mҲ@mȥLoڄٲòT⣩(dng)ǰ̎@^ȥԺ˾Mٲú˾^ȥýw鹤I(y)ߵK}õýwͬ^xf(xi)Yڹ¼Եĸпܽ܅f(xi)m(dng)Qʹ_Ҏ(gu)r˜ʣat(y)Mcǰmȣ(dng)Ʋr^ȥLo@Г(dn)@؟(z)܉ؑ(yng)˵ijЩҪcI(y)Ć}Ć}rҲ^}؟(z)
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ýwҲҪúõдӛߡȱ(jng)YԴȱYԴ͙(qun)YԴв˼ȲڏҲڄڅf(xi)ڲ܅f(xi)̕rֻO
CڄYmеОеĿˡߣL(fng)UرеȺԵwƃ(ni)cwD(zhun)Qׅf(xi)ccO(sh)cƉ֮gD(zhun)QȡQ܄Zćس̶Ƿ{;͘I(y)ȫȡQYP(gun)ߌҪĻؑ(yng)ֺǺ܇أY܉ؑ(yng)ʹZõȫּ߲môОͿwƃ(ni)ׅf(xi)O(sh)Եr෴ֺ^ҟoՓY߀Ժ˶oôОͿwƉԵġ
ؑ(yng)(ji)_^Ć}һДǣ˂Ը⡱ҲӵءγɹAԸӵءγA
γAD(zhun)w⣬D(zhun)ԭwƃ(ni)ЄӲܾ^Z҂w܉pĿ^Z^Zؑ(yng)ĺԺҪ(dng)F(xin)wyԻؑ(yng)ra(chn)µЧؑ(yng)CƣʹYԴʹwMлؑ(yng)繫نTxΙ(qun)(c̎xһ)
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оĹ˽MǷʽM֮gĂP(gun)ϵW(wng)j(lu)|(zh)fĿǰȲwƃ(ni)ɷҎ(gu)ʽJҲw⣨ɷҎ(gu)ʽų⣩Ȼʹ@ӵĽMڿxwƃ(ni)ЄӺwЄӵėlҲAڌ˵ЄӼ{wƃ(ni)
{(dio)醖Թc֮gl̶ʽM̶ȵһڅڹЩcr(nng)lYmĕrAȥ˾
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Щһ㡱ĹˣALo]κνˡtAֱӿ
Կc(zhn)˽ĽY(ji)ͬcr(nng)ĽY(ji)ͬͬc(zhn)˽l߱^ȥڄ
(sh)(j)ζʲôܿ˽MЄӵĺcԣǺԺ͛_f֮gĽY(ji)ϸ܆wƃ(ni)wl¹˸x˾ȥo˵ҊО{˷ƵҎ(gu)܉
ȥýwڄݣ˵Ļӌ(do)ˌϷԏݶǷǷԏݵ
ؠȡf(xi)OͶDZ˱ˌh(hun)cОY(ji)ĸԷT硰uʯ^p˼ȟoұoֿ܌(do)pʧȲ֓peķ_О
r(nng)ͳ(zhn)c˱˵HP(gun)ϵͬHҲзH١ڔ(sh)(j)lr(nng)ͳ(zhn)ǷHôcHP(gun)ϵ˂ȥ˾ȡf(xi)̺͟oκεOͣ
Hôȥͱ@ЩĺxHP(gun)ϵĹ˽McнP(gun)ߵHٷʽMǰ߸Єӵĺ_fHٵĹ˽M}^h(hun)NОČHЧиʴ_^A(y)yڹОĺОɹĿHеP(gun)(lin)ڹ˵еشʹЄٰl(f)О鷽ʽAڸ@r˵Оͱ^ڷԺ͛_ɫʡ
@һHCW(xu)P(gun)ڹȹ˽MоY(ji)Փ@ЩоJF(xin)Ĺ˽MʹЄӸ鼤MDZȂЄӸ@ñ(wn)ǹĽMcY֮g(j)һΑҎ(gu)tՄʹYP(gun)ϵڽ(jng)v^wЄӵsyo¡ΩӰ֮Mwƃ(ni)ƽ
@߀һcr(nng)(zhn)˵ĽԽlĄYmԽࡣ(dng)cr(nng)lĕrHǷ˿۹Ymı13.9%
^lĕr9.1%
һ㡱١]Сĕr(sh)֞0.(dng)r(nng)I(y)Ĺcr(nng)lĕrHǷ˿۹Ymı14.3%^lһ㡱١]Сĕr0.(dng)r(nng)I(y)Ĺc(zhn)˽lĕrHI(y)mı7.1%^lһ㡱١]Сĕr0.䱳߉ƺ˽M@ȞɆTДǷܵZṩ˹ƽ߶˴˂ڄӷ֪R͌w¼Mз
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cݵij(zhn)ȣݵr(nng)I(y)˵ұoОҪֻ֧c(zhn)˺r(nng)lĕrܾYmЩδM빤˽Mr(nng)Sֻx͡
Ȼ˵ĽMAγʲô˄Ymİl(f)@һ}Ļش˽MLǡ͡wƃ(ni)О鷽ʽƵǡӲwО鷽ʽf˽Mһ˰l(f)F(xin)ԼıZһ漰rȡЄӽͱZij̶ȣ˿^Z^ZĝuMԷeر˛_ͻl(f)rwЄӵİl(f)wЄӵĜpҲwƃ(ni)Єӵ
(j)ǰڹLգJohn Dunlop ˵ҊһNЧĄYP(gun)ϵƶwϵҪY_ͻṩһNԌpɱ͵ķʽQ_ͻһƶȰţwƃ(ni)Cƣ9˵ķʽM@һNƶȰŵr
˲H˴γɷʽĹ˽MҲcɆTϰI(y)ߌӹγɷʽMཻͨ͜(dng)ͬԽlԓMĽM̶ȵȕrc˽Mγ@ȵc˽II(y)I(y)(jng)ĽԽlYml(f)ʾԽ
lԽYmİl(f)Խߡ(dng)c˽II(y)ϰ֮g]κνrаl(f)Ƿ˿۹Ymռ8.3%
(dng)һ㡱^llĕrl(f)mĞ0.cI(y)(jng)ĽҲǰһNr¼mİl(f)ʞ10.9%ںһrͬӞ0.@ζڡˏėl£˼ܱYmܠȡЧ;(jng)Ǽ(gu)cYġһwԡMɴˮa(chn)һՓڱ˴γɽMͬr߀@ӵĽMcYM㕽˴˜ͨ͌Rô˽M܌˵Єӌ(do)wƃ(ni)
@߅SС¼ЧشcYl(f)˛_ͻȻc֮]κνHrôʾ˄YmһNǰһpl(f)_ͻôcYɆT֮gĽMЄӾ͕ȡ߲ЄӣֻܲȡAЄ
Cһ@Ҋ߉ǣ҂ƽYP(gun)ϵʹܣܣ^ZƶwϵҌ˽M@һƶȵĽMɲ˵VMкЧĻؑ(yng)R˼xϵĹAͲγɡ෴ƶwϵƻf˵wƃ(ni)ЄӲܵõĻؑ(yng)ЄӾͿD(zhun)wR˼xϵĹ˽MAyγɡ܉@ӵĹAγoՓڇ߀njϰˣһ
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3E.P.ɭӢAγɡXggֳ磬2001
4m׃(dng)Ρ(jng)ԴSg_hI(y)ɷ˾1989
5sm˼ʷgϳ磬2003620-637
6w£\cՓl(f)չ֮uW(xu)о20051
7ؼ{W(xu)ՓĽY(ji)(gu)σԣgAij2001꣬14
8ϣ˳c\Rg(jng)ƌW(xu)2001
9ɵ¡A.ZȣYԴAø(yu)ݡ꿵gЇW(xu)2001627
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http://www.sociology.cass.net.cn/shxw/cyshx/P020061006270037507951.pdf
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