R˹(Robert E. Lucas)"A"WɵĹ,1995õZؐ(jng)WίTijJ.ӛúҮڽ1974Zؐr˂,κ֪RֻǾֲЧ,ZؐΣUʹäĿijһNֲЧ֪RĶLEÙ(qun)(xF(xin)xм҂,҂F(xin)֪֪RǙ(qun),"ԒZ"ę(qun)).pϣ(Woody Allen)IJuxW˹đB(ti).^,Ȼ1995Zؐ(jng)W,Ҳ}l(f)],˽BR˹Ĺ֮C,l(f)]һҌ(jng)WڵĻ}Ŀ.
@ƪ·ֳ(ji).һ(ji)CR˹˵Ҫ,@Щַ"","","",֪ZؐίT"l(f)չ͑(yng)AڼO(sh),ɴ˸׃˺^(jng)҂(jng)ߵ˽"(<>19951011),(j)ҵ@DZR˹""Ĺ,ֱQ錦P˹x"R˹".ڶ(ji)urR˹"A"W(jng)Wеĵλ.(ji)ӑՓ(jng)WĻ}Լ˽Q@Щ},(jng)Wδ.@(gu)^"е".
һ. P˹^(jng)"R˹"
R˹,1937AʢD,1959֥ӸWõvʷWWʿ,1964֥ӸWõ(jng)Wʿ.1970ڿ(ni)-÷¡Wõλ,1974֥ӸWν.
ҿ,(ni)-÷¡Wɵ(Herbert Simon,1978@Zؐ(jng)W),y(tng)ķӰ(jng)߅?q)W^ăλĿǰĽ(jng)W---R˹,ķɭ(Oliver Williamson, ƶȽ(jng)WҪ).(ni)-÷¡L"WԺ"L,һՓ(yng)кϽ(jng),,ĬF(xin),˿(ni)-÷¡WעОWͽMՓо.""O(sh)뽛(jng)W,ͬrXбҪ"_"o(jng)׃.ɵăƪՓČR˹ڵокܴӰ,һƪӑՓ_rӑB(ti)Ҏ(gu),һƪC(jng)WеěQՓ(ҊHerbert Simon, "the dynamic programming under uncertainty with a quadratic criterion function." Econometrica 24(1956):74-81;"theories of decision-making in economics." American Economic Review 49(June 1959):253-283.)
R˹ڵо(ʮеʮ)چI(y)͆I(y)(yu)ͶY}(ҊR˹,1965,"distributed lags and optimal investment policy"; 1966,"optimal investment with rational expectations", in Lucas and Sargent, eds., London:George Allen & Unwin, 1981),@ڮr(ʮ)Ľ(jng)WϵWԺһҪо,ܵ(jng)WT,_(Kennith Arrow,һՓc˹һ@1972Zؐ(jng)W),̽ɭ(Dale Jorgenson, ),Īϸ(Franco Modigliani,1985@Zؐ,ʮڿ(ni)-÷¡ν,KMIT),(Eugene Fama),ϣ(Zvi Griliches,,ʮν֥ӸW)˹Ƅ.ǂI(lng)Ǒ(yng)(yu)ՓĻS(_оȌ).űR˹rõǷNӑB(ti)Ҏ(gu)ʼKSՓ,"A"Wɼ"º^(jng)W"ڰʮĩƳһTvڄӑB(ti)(jng)W"fƷ"Ĵ^,Щ_ևd(jng)y(tng)LĽ(jng)Wҵİ(Ҋ Nancy Stoky and Robert Lucas, .W1989).ұ(ЇƌWԺ(sh)WTʿ,(yu)ՓI(y),Y),ԲJDZӑB(ti)(jng)W˼ıҪʽ.
I(y)(yu)ͶY}ɞ鮔r^(jng)Wоğc,:(1)P˹ĺ^(jng)ՓJʮ(jng)ΣCa(chn)"Ч",ͶYҪӵ(P˹<ͨՓ>ĻO(sh)֮һ"MT"O(sh),ҲfڿMIJT׃Ӿ,֮,YͶY׃Ӳӳ˽(jng)ӵ).DŽP˹]ͶYߵĄәC,{ֱXͶYәCֳɃɲ."l(f)ͶY",ܵY"ҰF_(animal spirit)"(q)ʹ.ͶYڌЈ̖(׃,r׃,a(chn)ֵLȵ)^ͶYQ҂Q֮"ͶY".SP˹xڑ(zhn)ijɹ,ͶYәCо,Ķ⽛(jng)m(x)Lԭ,Ǒ(zhn)(jng)W혺Ȼx.Ǯ(jng)W҂оͶYcLĸNؕr,ӢČWg(sh)˼y(tng)֮gl(f)ˇط,ʷQ"ɂ"֮(һӢW,P˹xI,JЈwЇȱݲc䲻ƽP(gun)(lin);һ,ʡWԺWڵ,¹ŵ佛(jng)WI,ڷ֮ǰ]ʲô̵˼wϵ).ՓĽcYՓ,YՓ,Փ漰ͽ(jng)WȫI(lng),ʮm(x)ʮ.x߿ԅ(Frank Hahn,(jng))cR˹(R.C.O. Mathews)ľC"(jng)LՓ"("the theory of economic growth: a survey". Economic Journal (December 1964).ϵӑՓ˱R˹ܽĵһ.(2)ͶYcЈ̖P(gun)ϵ,ǏĹŵ佛(jng)WЂ^"ٶԭ"(JͶY~هڿL~),ڑ(zhn)ǰĽ(jng)оѽ(jng)y(tng)رJ"a(chn)^ʣ"ͽ(jng)ڵ.ܺ:Lr,Փǃr̖,߅H,̖(РՓ),߀ǰpȥTMʣĿɹͶYĻ,(yng)L,ͶYߞͶY.˵ͶY,ՄP˹Ľ,M뿂,a(chn)"˔(sh)Ч(yng)"(ʼT³ʼĹo,ǹoͬra(chn)ˌͶƷ,@ڶTµڶӹo,˟o,@ЩһՔ,ôʹһ1Č(sh),ÿһλӵ@o^(chung)µ),ҲMһ˿.@ٵ\ӕһֱM,ֱ(jng)ÛijNYԴ(؛Źo)ƞֹ.һUֹͣ,½,ͶY͕sp,γɷļ\,һֱ(jng)½ijN""ס(YƷȻĴM,F(xin)µЈL).Ȼ_ʼµѭh(hun).@y(tng)^,ͶY}ͳ˽(jng)оĺĆ},һ,c(jng)̖IJ_ԽoͶYՓµĆ}.,Ɲ(Robert Eisner)I(y)ͶYcƏV˵ļٶԭоo˱R˹оܴӰ.(3)ͶY}ĕrgҪʹh_ևdʮ˵İR.RЪoB(ti)sĄӑB(ti).ԇһεĹ:õһ¹(ji)sXڵһµĵһIˌµڵyдC(bank CD).(yu)Qߑ(yng)DZ^ɼ,,ŗһЩ,ҲһЩ"Ҹ",@"ɱ",㲻ͶY,ԭЩҸ.,ŗҸ,ڵڶ½o㎧һϢ,Ҳ㌢ܵҸ,@"".ěQʹpȥɱijNͶY_ֵ,΄(w)ҵǷN(yu)ͶY.oB(ti),@(yu)DZCδϢõ"߅HЧ"(ϢoһλҸ)ŗߵ"߅HЧ"(ŗһλҸ)ǂ.`,ͨ^ԼărֵДخһM"o"(ԼijһĬF(xin)ҸδҸr,ŗµҸQȡһλδҸ,@ܵҸ(yng)ǂoڌ(yng)ڬF(xin)ҸcδҸ̎б,㌢܉ڬF(xin)ҸδҸƽֱϵЮһMÿһc̎б),ȻĿǰеĬF(xin)cδҸһc,Լ,˓QȡϢһλҸ,ԸŗنλĬF(xin)Ҹ?@cȵǂoбغ,ҵһoB(ti)(yu).F(xin)҂@׃һ:O(sh)ÿһyеMՏӋ㵽?lin)QȡϢ.F(xin)Ć}sĶ,^yеMa(chn)^Ϣ,һ,^yҲ^طŗ͵Ҹ.Ԟ˱^,㑪(yng)оx첻ͬrgҸijN۬F(xin)NF(xin),ȻͶYʹĬF(xin)ֵӋpȥɱ_ֵ.ԭf,voB(ti)Ȼ@Nr,dz韩.҂ͨʹÄӑB(ti),ֻҪһNF(xin)ֵӋ㹫ʽÿһ헳ɱY(ji)Mȥ,γһ^"F(xin)(net cash flow)".ͶYQ߾@F(xin)ĬF(xin)ֵ.@(^ͶY)dzϤķ.@NĕrgcYՓʹõ(yu)Փһ.@DZR˹ڹĵ.
fR˹Aڷķ,҂òfһ(yu)ՓҪQĻ}.Ĺ@ʾǘ,^Q,ÿһr,Q˱횲ȡһ"Є",rg]ĕrڵ_ʼrcr,ҪQһBЄ.҂Q@һBЄӞһ""һ"".Qͨÿr̿Sx,Ǐ@SrϵxԽMϳS(ڃɂr̸Ѓɂx,ôԽM4ͬ;r̸x,ôԽM27ͬIJ,ͨ,ԵĔ(sh)ȿɹxЄӶö).(yu)Փо˱Ŀܷҵ(yu)Щ("(yu)"ǃF(xin)ֵ,ǿЧ,κΌӋx"Ŀ").x߿ܕԞȻ:F(xin)ӋCκΔ(sh)ĿķһһԇЩ(yu)ā.䌍Ȼ.Їڰ˂"Ӌ"һcоĿЇƌWԺAWĎʮ"cԺУ"_l(f)һ"ϵy(tng)O(sh)Ӌܛ",Д(sh)W҂ŬĿ֮һnj҃(yu)㷨.ЇӋίTڰʮԇDӋδʮ(yu)˿ʕr,l(f)F(xin)MӋChhÁӋ""rcİgֲ˿ڿ^̮a(chn)Ĕ(sh)֮Ŀܷ.@dzҪ,ڵĺҮ˷Ӌ(jng)֮һ@NӋ"".҂ڵ(ji)߀Ҫ,x\ʼKҪc֮y֮һ(""O(sh))f^,]܉ˏsӋ.
F(xin)ڿԽB"R˹",@""Ĺ(ʮʮ).@ցԱR˹Լ,"Ӌ(jng)ur:һN"("econometric policy evaluation: a critique," in , Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy.(c̎xһ)
North-Holland, 1976).@ƪՓ,˄P˹xDЈ(jng)һܙC{(dio)(ji)ĺ^(jng).ĬF(xin)ՓǶȿ,R˹^cԼ˼(ҊLucas,1972,"expectations and the neutrality of money",Journal of Economic Theory 4:103-124; 1975,"an equilibrium model of the business cycle",Journal of Political Economy 83:1113-44),Էɂց.,κ߶c˽˲T֮gIJ.pDЌ(yu).˽˲Tɱӵ"C",ߵĻO(sh)ѽ(jng)e`.ƶ^ҕc˽˲T֮gIJȕr,ÿһ(؛ߵĸ׃,{(dio),Y,_֧ȵ),ѽ(jng)˽˲Tʴ_AҊ,tߵ"؛Ч(yng)"ʧ,픶,Č|(zh)׃,"|(zh)"Є,a(chn)ͬһ˽˲T"|(zh)"ЄһӵĽ(jng)Ч(yng).,؛ߌ"",a(chn)κ|(zh).ؔ_֧|(zh)c˽˲TYԴ,a(chn)^"DЧ(yng)(crowding out effect)",ÿһԪ_֧ЈDȥһԪX˽_֧.Y(ji)_֧HH˽˻X.{֪,eԼԼX,ԼԼXĹ(ji)s.κ,Փ؛ŵ߀nj,a(chn)Ч.@ՓC,(jng)(sh)(j)C,ȻnjP˹(jng)Wش,ԷQ"R˹".,Փ횽ጞʲôڑ(zhn)_F(xin)˳m(x)s,ǷcP˹P(gun)ϵ;P(gun)ϵ,Փν.DZR˹ҪM"_"Աa(chn)^?quot;@Ӡ"Ч(yng).ʹʲôSC^̷,ֻҪxһԒĹ(J@DZR˹"uZģ"):ͨ^ԽԒӢZָʾ۵ĹƱ(jng)oIuƱ,֪Ԓ .O(sh)IuɷNƱ,ڹƱЈϵӋC̖aքe15(ĕrIM)50(ĕru).@r (jng)of,̖15ĹƱͻȻ,ɷNO(sh).һ,HϽ(jng)ofǴ̖50ĹƱ.ڶ,fĴ_15̖.㑪(yng)Ӌ,,Ӌһµ eĿǶ.,eĿԲ,ӋIM15̖ƱĔ(sh),MʹٍX^ e̝pX.,J@Ԓ eĿஔ(ӽٷ֮ʮ),x"Є",ȺĽ(jng)o˵ڶԒ.(jng)^ͨԒ,㿂J_Ϣ.R˹X,P˹ڃ(ni)Ч,ǾЈдڴ"Ԓ"ʹ˽ ̖.(sh)˽ ̖ŗЄӕr,ஔcһȫӵęC,Ժ"(yu)"_AЧ.Ǯ˂ ȡ̖,KڸDr,Ⱦֻصӵ֮gIJ,Ҳһֽጵr.(zhn)sĴr,˲"@Ӡ"Ч(yng),횲ʹԼߏ.҂^쵽ؔԼٶ,KyԞ^.@DŽP˹ʽ(jng)ߵĴr.
R˹@Щʹɞ"A"WɵҪ.ʹ@WɵĹ܉(jng)WĄtǽ(jng)W(Milton Friedman,@1976Zؐ),mȻ"A"ɵČW߿QӋ(jng)WĽ˹(John Muth,"rational expectations and the theory of price movements". Econometrica 29(6),1961)(q).1968"؛ߵ"("the role of monetary policy". American Economic Review LVIII(1), 1968)ѽ(jng)f˞ʲôP˹x؛ֻԮa(chn)"@Ӡ"Ч(yng)."A"ڷﱻMѩ(Irving Fisher)Ч(yng).MѩͶYՓ掟,AڌWfdzu˱WWɱoĴ,Ųِ(Knut Wicksell)ϢՓ.^"|(zh)"xʜpȥAڵͨÛ(һB(ti)).ڌP˹\,ֻз˼,,ZԲ@ڽ(jng)Wy(tng)ijЮ.
R˹ڰl(f)"A"ɵͬr,RϾ_ʼ""(ʮ)Ĺ.@gՓϵ(lin)ϵ.,ͶY}ֱӾǽ(jng)LcӵоI(lng)еҪn}.DZR˹ڷP˹؛ߵͬr,ڽ(jng)LcՓչ_"A"˼.S,ĄӑB(ti)Փؐˠ(Gary Becker)P(gun)Yڽ(jng)Lеشõ˼.@,"(jng)l(f)չęC"("mechanics of economic development").@ЩʹR˹ɞ½(jng)l(f)չՓҪ.҂Ԟ,ڵĹʵ.@Щѽ(jng)19951,2,3,4<ňؔ(jng)¿>BdD(zhun)^.
. (jng)Wе"x"\
SR˹һ(ji)չ_,҂(jng)Wһֱ,ҷQ"x"\.,R˹ؕIֻ@һNҕ²ſøh,ͬro҂ijNδl(f)չAҊ.@һ(ji)@ӵ˼·չ_.
R.RЪڞF(xin)(jng)r]ጬF(xin)Ѓɂ˼·.һMՓ,"︂,m"Ҏ(gu),҂ҪO(sh)""ҲԽጬF(xin)F(xin)."",""O(sh),҂߉fF(xin)F(xin).RЪx˺.Ĵ,(jng)_ʼx\.@\ڽ(jng)WԴ¿ɷA.һAΏRЪ<(jng)Wԭ>,oʮֹ(_ևd<(jng)A(ch)>).ڶAΏʮʮĩ,v(jng)ʮ.AΏľʮ_ʼ,߀dδ.
RЪķ^ֲķ҂ҊĹo.ՓעһЈϵľ⼰Ӱ푾ĸN(RЪĂ"T"F(xin)DŽڄӽ(jng)WҪ(ni)).ʲôRЪ˼O(sh)l(f),ͱضĿ?@""ضxµ.ԇ]κxؕr(mȻ@Ǻyr),αF(xin)?]xr,"","".ٝͬԼO(sh),ǰ˵,x.
xбF(xin)ԕr,κһTCƌWҪ^쵽@NО.㲻Լڶ},һ˵Оhy,ǰì,ȫSC,ô^쵽"x"?һh^첻,ČCǶȿ,Dzf"".һˮО_ʼһ,,Ŀĕr,܌Wx_ʼF(xin)"".ӛס,P˹ijɫ
^y,?q)C,Ҫ(jng)W횶ֻо"",ֻ̎ھB(ti)˵ОǷ(wn),űF(xin)"".Ҫӛ,R(L. Klein,Ӌ(jng)оጄP˹Փ@1980Zؐ)(zhn)ιӋl(f)r(Qknjһ^"׃"gӵث@Ҫ^׃Ϣ),Ć}ڹoSrgƄӶ."(wn)",@҂?ni)Ҫ?҂^X̫g̫,D(zhun)˲ŵĬF(xin)҂ֻܸе.
ǽ(jng)RЪľʼKܵһ,MՓ(zhn).ֱ^F(xin)(jng)ˁf,׃@.L,a(chn)ƷĶӻ,ĸ,˿ڷ,ЈU,Լ(zhn)ķ׃.ܱ(Joseph Schumpeter),Ү(F. Hayek),(F. Knight),,X(Alfred Chandler),Ϳ(Nikolas Kaldor)ȴ(jng)Wҵu.RЪՓһֱʮĩ,_ևd(䲩ʿՓ)ȫϵy(tng)ظʹ÷Ĕ(sh)W."ʹ÷",@P(gun)Ҫ,ஔ"",һĹҪ߸ܳɞҪ.ڽĽ̿ƕ(R˹1990<^(jng)W̳>),_ևdķѽ(jng)"ˆ"ӋC,˂ԲXӾ͵õһзY(ji).@NҪc:ȰһxRĿxĖ|"׃",RIJxһrɸ׃Щ|"".Ȼv^ķҵЧú(sh),ʲôĿ˺(sh),ڽoą(@Щͨ^ijN(lin)ϵs׃ȡֵ),׃(yu)ֵ.@Щ(yu)ֵ"".һC@ЩǷ_ʹĿ˺(sh)_,Щzl"Al".һ"^oB(ti)",׃һ Ĕ(sh)ֵ,׃.@ҲҪIJE.ֻ@һY(ji)҂ܵõͨ^C^C}._ևd,ȫM˽(jng)ķõZؐ,ͬr,҂Փ,Y(ji)˽(jng)Wx\ӵĵһA.
x\ӵĵڶA,_I(lng)"һ"Փ,ʹɞ鹫JĽ(jng)Z(ʹԒpıh(hun)).箔҂Մ"Ч","(yu)","a(chn)ֵ"Ȇ}r,ѽ(jng)O(sh)һĸ."ԼO(sh)"l(f)չ@һAξcՓ.²(G. Debreu,һՓõ1983Zؐ)Cһ(ЈϵľͬrF(xin))Ĵ,õǿc.Փм{ʲĴҲõͬһc(ĵȃr).@ߵĺĆ}һӵ:ÿЈϵĹo_ėlهЈϹo_rĠB(ti),ôαCеЈͬr_Եľ?ڲՓ@}׃:ÿ˵(yu)Q߶هО(ĺͷǾ)y,ôαC˵IJyͬr_ijN"w"?@}ؓWIJcQ(Ҋ<ňؔ(jng)¿>1995Bd).һՓx\@һAε,M҂֪ͬr߀"A"WɵƄ.
x\ͬr߀I(lng)d:ӑB(ti)(jng)W,,ҪܵYՓо(Լʮʮ,ķϣ(Ramsey)(yu)Փ,̫`(Hotelling)YԴ(yu)Փ)Ƅ;ͥ(jng)W,rgc½xՓ,@,ؐˠоѽ(jng)֪;ڄӽ(jng)W,Ϣģͱ(yu)Փ,˹ٸ(֥ӸWI(lng),@1982Zؐ);xՓ,ِ"һͨ^"ՓY(ji)"xƱЈ"O(sh),Բ(James Buchanan,@Ĺõ1986Zؐ)I(lng);ؔՓ,ݲض(Charles Tiebout theorem),(c̎xһ)
ˇ(ni)һՓ,LJ@ΈDȃr(Ricardo equivalence theorem)չ_ӑՓ,cR˹ĹP(gun),J(_֧)ȃrp˽_֧,_(R. Barro)Ҫ;½(jng)ʷW,JR"ū`ƶ"ĺԷ,Ը(Robert Fogel)Ͱ(Y. Barzel)˞о;g(sh)MՓ,,J鼼g(sh)cƶMЈҪصϡȱԺЈrTa(chn),Թܺ_(Y. Hayami, and V.W. Ruttan, the school of "induced-institutional change").
@һr,xȻcMՓ˼뿹.ؐˠ"Оc(jng)Փ"("irrational behavior and economic theory", Journal of Political Economy February 1962).Sˌ(jng)W"ԼO(sh)"u^ăɂҪ---ͥI(y),(TɵȁОWWо,ܱ،W<(jng)׃wMՓ>᠖ɭ(Richard Nelson)(Sidney Winter))JI(y)QߌHϲԵ,Д,Ϣռȵȵ,QҎ(gu)tTLЧĺҎ(gu)t(rule of thomb).ؐˠĻؓ,(jng)WԼO(sh)ֻǹԵ,ֻǼO(sh)"ѽ(jng)^쵽һMО,ôcЩ;NNԭom(x),Ķo^쵽О,@Щ^쵽ОضǿȥԵО".Լͥx,Ѓͥ,һǺyX,SCM;һt^(jng),мӋÿһXЧ.ôǧԺ,҂^@r,҂߀ܿЩSCMļͥ?oɆяĵʧ.ʧom(yng)h(hun),@_M.Ǟ˷,҂O(sh)ʧ].@N"",Km\ӵĽ(jng)x܌WĮ(David Hume)<Փ>,<Փ>ѽ(jng)_.x߿ԏĮаl(f)F(xin),ߵĸh,J(j)˿,繷,Ҳ(ҲҪ"m"ܱ^쵽).scؐˠͬr,Ҳl(f)ƪ,"_,M,c(jng)W",ԏl(f)֥Ӹ,SCx܇·һȺ܇,ՓCcؐˠһӵĵ---ОضȥԵ.
^"ڽ(jng)Wy(tng)"ָĮ́.˹ܰl(f)˵Ľ(jng)x܌WA(ch)ϵĽ(jng)Wy(tng).@һy(tng),(ni)ڵJRՓ,ضǹŵx(ͬڬF(xin)x˼).ܽ(jng)^ˊWWɺ֥ӸWɵİl(f)չ,ɞx(jng)W.
AǏİʮĩՓ،(jng)W_ʼ.ӛúҮRKǰһЌ^,Փоһ.P(gun)ڲՓ,xѽ(jng)е,1994격Փҫ@Zؐԁ,(jng)ħ^s?ǂԶͶCĵĴЈ,@,""RʼK҂(xϣ֪еĵ,ԅҌ
x\Ӱѽ(jng)W҂Ϣľʮr,l(f)F(xin)̎Ďн(jng)}(yng)Ե˂֮gMЛQߵĆ}.1978,W˼I(lng),᠖ؐ(Daniel Bell)͌
R˹(David Kreps),@pIJՓ"ˎ"I(lng),(yng)ceĬ(Ken Binmore,W(jng)W,ՓA(ch)о),ɞJRՓڵĻ}ČW.̫,@ﲻһһг,x߿ԅ:R˹,<Փc(jng)ģ>(,Oxford University Press,1990),eĬ,<Փcs>(,MIT Press,1994,һ).ڲՓо,ZؐίTǺ̫ĽܳؕI(Rober Aumann, John Shapley, Herbert Scarf, Martin Shubik,...).ֻм{ʲ(John Nash)ǷNŵ(ߏ)_ԵĹ(ЩHHǹPӛ)ʹ֮o@I(lng)(q).돊{(dio),x(John Harsanyi)κ͵܌WP(gun),ʹɞѲՓ(yng)}о(q).
҂,ZؐίT1995Ī헽o˱R˹""Ĺ,x\ӵďVxϿ,@ֻ1994격ՓõZؐ.
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@ƪஔLuՓµĽY(ji)Z,댦(jng)Wx\һur.,ڵĽ(jng)W҂,^Į_(chung)Ľ(jng)܌Wy(tng)(ԼյCx),""O(sh)һN""չһNO˵ľ.ؐˠڵ½(jng)Lģ͞(Ҋ<ňؔ(jng)¿>1995ϰBd),ؐˠģ,һLڛQߕrʹõ^"Чú(sh)(dynastic utility)".҂,ؐˠ(j)ͬӵ,MՓr---Щ܉҂^쵽ļ""һǿȥԵ,݅݅Чú(sh)ļ.Ǯ҂ڲՓԇDؐˠ^cr,҂韩.
R˹eĬԔӑՓ˼{ʲx,ĽY(ji)Փ,ǰ݅(R. Aumann)Ŀһ,Ȼ:^""ֻ^ǴҶJ@Ȼ,ΑһN惺.ôʲôԭʹҶJ@ͬһN惺"@Ȼ"?R˹<^(jng)W̳>(A Course in Microeconomic Theory>, Princeton University Press, 1990)410-417eN.,@ЩKه˂֪Ry(tng).@ԼоQ"֪RY(ji)(gu)".
eһf,"Փ"(Ҋǰ<ňؔ(jng)¿>),ɂ֪οԽoĺ̎,?ni)Ȼx""IJ,{ʲ.ÿһ˵^̶ǟoԵ:x"",ҵʲô?ұضҲx"".(j)ʲôxcҺ?ضҌx"".ʲôҌx""""?ضJx"".(j)ʲôҌx""?ضJҌҌx""....?,o"".x܉@o^̆?Hx,BD(R. Selten,1994Zؐ)ҲJԲ@ôo΄(w).ô҂?ni)Όؐˠǂxqo?ؐˠ(ԼR˹)xģ,˵ֻҪӋobhČijɱc.@ؐˠͰՓCĹcM̭^̵ȃrĵǿԽܵ.Ǯ҂оĿc֮gIJȕr,صԼO(sh)Ҫȸğo.һNo"ɼ,˼"ķ^.҂ؐˠͰʵՓCf:Щڵ,^쵽О,һǾ,ȥһԵĽY(ji).ô҂͵ȡ˲ՓоĿ.dž?ՓW҂P(gun)ĵSܵľ,˂ͣЩB(ti).҂ĿҪҵГ(j)ųһЩܵľB(ti),JһЩܳF(xin)ľB(ti).҂ȫo"ǴڵıǺ"@ڸʽՓC.Y(ji)Փ:"ؐˠ-qo"ڽ(jng)Wx\ӵIJՓAȫoЧ.
F(xin)҂վһԽ(jng)WČӴ@(jng)Wx.ھSҲСMĺ˹أRյĕr,܌W֪RՓČW߾ѽ(jng)ǂx^ʹIJՓ^"֪ͬR(common knowledge)".ùWY܌Wҿ(W.V. Quine, , Harvard University Press,1992)g(sh)Z,J"֪"ĕr,֪ij.J"֪֪"ĕr,ѽ(jng)_J"֪"@.^"֪R"Kʾ@,K(P)=֪,K(K(P))ʾ֪֪.ՓCf:K(K(K(P)))=K(K(P)).QԒf,҂]бҪoFf"֪֪֪...",Ҳf,҂fɴ"֪"ǵ_һ"c",Ǿ.
DzгF(xin)Ć}؏fٴ"֪֪",؏"֪֪".@ǽ(jng)Wxy.ìF(xin)W(chung)˺(E. Husserl)g(sh)Z,@"wg(intersubjectivity)",ָQһ֪RJ_r,ǷeҲJ_.҂֪@}ҲǾSҲСM܌WҠՓĽc.ֻͨ^F(xin)܌WĬF(xin)WT(纣¸_)Ŭ,"wg"ȱʧa(chn)"F(xin)ΣC",ųˮ˼P(gun)ĵĺĆ}.
һ,WWɵĄ(chung)ʼ˿(Augustu Comte)¿˺ķ(Emile Durkheim),WɵĄ(chung)ʼf,WҲ,ѽ(jng)ҸܵMF(xin)rǷN"A(ch)߽"ʧđB(ti).ʲô|A(ch)߽?ʲôһĻA(ch)?@Щ}Wо}(ͬx߿ɅҊJonathan Turner,,5th ed.,Wadsworth Publishing,1991).˼҂˼õY(ji)Փ:֪Rķ,ÿ(ڷֹ͌I(y))ռc˲֪ͬR,@˂rֵ^ķҰMһ߽ĵ¹R.҂ɭпؿ֪Rľֲ(WcWClifford Geertz,,Basic Books, 1983)㌏FěQǶô.ĴҲһ,֪RY(ji)(gu)ʹֲxĽǶ(wɫ,I(y),,ȵ)ԭ(yng)ձxķµķ.@҂ΣC.
ҿY(ji)һ.҂ķǽ(jng)WI(lng)оõ@ӵӡ:({ʲ)һȺ˵ԽM""ĻA(ch),ô@A(ch)ǽڹ֪R.@֪Rڷ܌Wн"wg",Փн"¹R",ںҮ˿"y(tng)",Լон"֪RY(ji)(gu)".Փ,@һN"ҹ֪RĂy(tng)",ʹ˂Sܵľһ۾ͿЩ"@"惺.ҵxо,ĿǰՓֻ˵F(xin)@}R˵.eĬ,R˹,ͽB(Andrew Schotter,,Cambridge University Press,1981).˽Q@},(jng)W횽Y(ji)ǷN"ۇx"B(ti),̓ǽ(jng)WҌW,˽҂(jng)Wʹõ""ĺx,˽"x"x.҂؏^_ʼ,ǽ(jng)WČW߂ѽ(jng)҂ṩǰԵ˼,҂һֱԁĆ}"ҕҊ",ҲS҂ԼČWg(sh)ΣCδR?
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