從園林城市到森林城市:園林城市和森林城市的異同點(diǎn)

　　生態(tài)環(huán)境的好壞是體現(xiàn)一個(gè)城市現(xiàn)代化的重要指標(biāo)之一。 　　1997年6月,中共山東省委提出了“濟(jì)南五年大變樣”的要求,給濟(jì)南的城市綠化創(chuàng)造了空前的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。濟(jì)南緊緊抓住了這個(gè)機(jī)遇,在全市廣泛開展了以提高城市綠化覆蓋率、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境、創(chuàng)建園林城市為宗旨的、聲勢浩大的造綠工程。
　　奮斗4年后的2001年12月,濟(jì)南城市綠化覆蓋率、綠地率和人均公共綠地面積分別達(dá)到37.6%、32.15%和7.55平方米,均超出國家規(guī)定的基本指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù),初步形成山、泉、湖、河、城相結(jié)合,生態(tài)環(huán)境良好的現(xiàn)代化花園城市。12月16日,濟(jì)南被命名為“國家園林城市”。
　　而到2009年年底的時(shí)候,濟(jì)南城市建成區(qū)綠化覆蓋率、綠地率和人均公共綠地分別達(dá)到38.5%、33.3%和11平方米,建成綠地分布合理、植物多樣、景觀優(yōu)美、特色突出、人與自然和諧相處的良好城市生態(tài)環(huán)境。
　　同時(shí),濟(jì)南市也已初步具備了創(chuàng)建國家森林城市的其他條件。
　　目前濟(jì)南市有林地面積、林木蓄積量、農(nóng)田林網(wǎng)化面積、森林覆蓋率大幅提高,分別達(dá)到270萬畝、880萬立方米、269萬畝和28.9%,初步構(gòu)建起以山區(qū)、平原、水系為主要骨架的林業(yè)生態(tài)體系。濟(jì)南市豐富多樣的地形地貌,兼具山、泉、湖、河獨(dú)特的自然環(huán)境,適宜發(fā)展林業(yè)的氣候、土壤、水文等自然條件,造就了豐富的動(dòng)植物資源和生物多樣性,為城市森林建設(shè)奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)條件。
　　通過大力實(shí)施荒山綠化、平原綠化、綠色通道、退耕還林等一系列重點(diǎn)工程,濟(jì)南市已榮獲國家級(jí)園林城市稱號(hào),泉城的知名度、美譽(yù)度進(jìn)一步提升。
　　濟(jì)南推進(jìn)林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,大力發(fā)展特色林果、種苗花卉、森林旅游、林下種養(yǎng)等現(xiàn)代林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè),2009年全市林業(yè)總產(chǎn)值達(dá)到37億元,建成特色林果基地44處,林業(yè)龍頭企業(yè)44家,林業(yè)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)、合作社50個(gè),林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)已成為拉動(dòng)農(nóng)民增收致富新的增長點(diǎn)。
　　濟(jì)南以自然保護(hù)區(qū)、濕地、森林公園、國有林場為依托,積極開展生態(tài)文化主題公園、生態(tài)示范教育基地建設(shè),建成市級(jí)以上森林公園14處、森林生態(tài)類型自然保護(hù)區(qū)2處。以舉辦全運(yùn)會(huì)和園博會(huì)為契機(jī),全力打好防治美國白蛾、森林防火攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)役,廣泛開展全民義務(wù)植樹以及“綠飄帶”等活動(dòng),森林是“城市之肺”的觀念得到廣大市民的廣泛認(rèn)同。
　　濟(jì)南的目標(biāo)是:計(jì)劃用5至8年時(shí)間,全市新增有林地面積100萬畝,森林覆蓋率達(dá)到35%以上。山區(qū)森林覆蓋率達(dá)到60%以上,丘陵區(qū)達(dá)到40%以上,平原區(qū)達(dá)到20%以上。中心城主城區(qū)綠化覆蓋率達(dá)到38%以上,縣城建成區(qū)綠化覆蓋率達(dá)到35%以上。規(guī)劃期為8年,分兩期建設(shè)。即2010到2015年,基本完成城市森林建設(shè)目標(biāo),建成國家森林城市;2016到2017年,進(jìn)一步完善提高城市森林建設(shè)水平。
　　依據(jù)《國家森林城市評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)》,濟(jì)南市結(jié)合實(shí)際,重點(diǎn)規(guī)劃了十大創(chuàng)建工程。
　　中心城主城區(qū)利用公園、單位閑置地、社區(qū)隙地和街區(qū)空地,以及城市主干道路和環(huán)城道路,見縫插綠,植樹美化;通過城市立體綠化和立面綠化,增加市區(qū)綠化覆蓋和綠化面積。通過圍村林、村鎮(zhèn)綠化和景觀節(jié)點(diǎn)建設(shè),全面提升城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村綠化水平。
　　通過荒山造林、退耕還林、疏林改造和森林經(jīng)營,增加森林資源,提高泉水涵養(yǎng)補(bǔ)給能力,保障泉水持續(xù)噴涌,促進(jìn)山區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。
　　通過防風(fēng)固沙林、用材林和農(nóng)田林網(wǎng)建設(shè),形成城區(qū)北部防御風(fēng)沙屏障,有效控制風(fēng)沙危害,實(shí)現(xiàn)林茂糧豐。力爭完成重點(diǎn)風(fēng)沙區(qū)治理任務(wù)10萬畝,新建農(nóng)田林網(wǎng)60萬畝,完善25萬畝。
　　在河流、水庫和湖泊周邊植樹造林,實(shí)現(xiàn)綠化、美化,提升環(huán)境承載能力,保障水系生態(tài)安全。主要包括南水北調(diào)輸水干線林帶、河流林帶、湖泊林帶、水庫林帶等水系生態(tài)綠化任務(wù)。創(chuàng)建期間完成水系宜林地綠化22萬畝。
　　在黃河沿岸地區(qū)、低洼滯洪區(qū)、水庫、河道和湖泊周邊,建設(shè)濕地保護(hù)區(qū)和濕地公園,恢復(fù)和保護(hù)現(xiàn)有濕地資源,維護(hù)濕地生態(tài)平衡,保護(hù)生物多樣性。規(guī)劃濕地恢復(fù)與保護(hù)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目10個(gè),即平陰玫瑰湖濕地、商河大沙河濕地、濟(jì)西濕地、天橋鵲山龍湖濕地、章丘白云湖濕地、華山水景園濕地、遙墻蓮藕景觀園濕地、濟(jì)陽澄波湖濕地、濟(jì)南三川濕地和黃河濕地生態(tài)功能保護(hù)區(qū),濕地保護(hù)率達(dá)到65%。
　　前幾年,濟(jì)南已對破損山體進(jìn)行了綜合整治。創(chuàng)建期間將加大治理力度,確保完成破損山體治理任務(wù)30座,治理面積226萬平方米。
　　完善高速公路、國道、省道、縣鄉(xiāng)道路和鐵路綠色通道,提升道路景觀效果。按照國道、省道、高速公路和鐵路優(yōu)先的原則進(jìn)行建設(shè),道路綠化率達(dá)到80%以上。
　　依托風(fēng)景名勝、獨(dú)特地形地貌、現(xiàn)有林場和規(guī)模林區(qū),建設(shè)森林公園。依托濕地資源和典型森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)建設(shè)自然保護(hù)區(qū)。在創(chuàng)建中,新建森林公園12處,森林生態(tài)類型自然保護(hù)區(qū)2處。
　　建設(shè)市級(jí)現(xiàn)代林業(yè)科技示范園,帶動(dòng)縣(市)區(qū)林業(yè)園區(qū)建設(shè),促進(jìn)現(xiàn)代林業(yè)發(fā)展。在高新區(qū)規(guī)劃建設(shè)集林業(yè)科研、生產(chǎn)、示范、休閑觀光于一體的市級(jí)現(xiàn)代林業(yè)示范園1處,規(guī)劃面積1.1萬畝,其中一期工程面積0.3萬畝,輻射帶動(dòng)全市林業(yè)園區(qū)建設(shè)。
　　大力發(fā)展干鮮果品、林木種苗花卉、速生豐產(chǎn)林基地,促進(jìn)林下經(jīng)濟(jì)、林產(chǎn)品加工、森林旅游等產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。完成退耕還林25萬畝,新建林木種苗花卉基地4萬畝。
　　到那時(shí),濟(jì)南又將發(fā)生翻天覆地的變化,建成南北呼應(yīng)、東西貫通、點(diǎn)面融合、城鄉(xiāng)一體的森林生態(tài)體系。森林城市的建設(shè),必將推動(dòng)濟(jì)南現(xiàn)代化的全面發(fā)展。
　　
　　如今的濟(jì)南,已基本建成綠地分布合理、植物多樣、景觀優(yōu)美、特色突出的生態(tài)園林城市。而2010年1月底,濟(jì)南又召開了全市林業(yè)工作暨創(chuàng)建國家森林城市動(dòng)員大會(huì),提出“讓森林走進(jìn)城市,讓城市擁抱森林”。計(jì)劃用5至8年時(shí)間,將濟(jì)南建設(shè)成為國家森林城市和宜居宜業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化省會(huì)城市,通過“一核、兩區(qū)、三帶、四極”的總體布局以及相關(guān)行動(dòng),建設(shè)“林在城中、城在林中、生態(tài)宜居”的森林泉城。
　　
　　The environment is one of the important indicators in evaluating a city’s degree of modernization. Today’s Jinan presents a natural ecological environment with broad streets lined with green trees, colorful green squares, beautiful courtyards and districts, scattered greenbelts, spring clusters, and so many beautiful landscapes of mountains and lakes. Jinan has now basically been established into an ecological garden city with rationally distributed greenbelts, varied plants, beautiful landscapes and unique features.
　　At the end of January 2010, the Jinan Municipal Forestry Conference on Establishing the National Forestry City was held, during which the subject of “planting trees in the city and surrounding the city with forest” was put forward. It is planned to build Jinan into a National Forest City and a modern capital city that is suitable for living and industry in 5 to 8 years. Through an overall layout of “one core (central city), two zones (ecological function reserve in south and preservation zone against sand storms in north), three belts (round-the-city scenery zone, water system protective belt and road greenbelt), four poles (four built up areas in the county towns of Zhangqiu, Pingyin, Jiyang and Shanghe)”, and other relevant steps, it is planned to build a Forest City of Springs with “forest in the city, city in the forest, and an ecological and livable city”. Therefore, Jinan is now in an era of transition from a garden city to a forest city.
　　The garden city is an important symbol, which illustrates that the city infrastructure, landscape quality and environment quality has reached a certain level, and is also an important content and carrier of “civilized city” construction. Through constructions in recent years, Jinan has developed into a modern Garden City of Springs with a pleasant ecological environment by integrating mountains, springs, lakes, rivers and cities. By the end of this year, the green coverage ratio, greening rate per capita and public green space in built up areas of the city will be expected to reach 38.5%, 33.8% and 11 square meters separately. The city will be built into a pleasant city with rationally distributed greenbelts, varied plants, beautiful landscapes, unique features and harmonious coexistence of man and nature.
　　By pursuing “building an ecological city that reflects its long-standing historical culture, unique natural landscape, one full of modern atmosphere and suitable for living and establishing business”, the city, with unprecedented changes in greening, has been built into an ecological garden city integrating mountains, springs, lakes, rivers and cities.
　　The National Forest City means forest vegetation should act as the main part of the ecosystem, urban and rural integration should be realized in city ecological construction, and each construction index should meet the standard and be certified according to regulated procedure. Currently, there are 14 cities including 6 capital cities: Guiyang, Shenyang, Hangzhou etc. and Weihai of Shandong Province that have been awarded the title of “National Forest City”. Over 30 cities including Wuhan, Zhengzhou, Dalian and Qingdao of Shandong Province, etc., are being established.
　　Currently, in addition to the basic formation of an ecological garden city, Jinan possesses the other preliminarily conditions for constructing a National Forest City.

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