P(gun)ڸĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)
l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-07 (li)Դ: vʷ c(din)
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P(gun)ڡĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)@c(din)֮һ(jng)(j)W(xu)еķ(du)ǘӿԌ(sh)Cضͽy(tng)Ӌ(j)(sh)CоC(j)(gu)硰(gu)HTransparency InternationalòáУperceived corruption index@ָ(bio)M˵Č(sh)CоՓ[ε߀ǹ_(ki)ģ˂(du)Ќ(sh)ܣԼ(du)(hu)ν(jng)(j)wgȻܹP(gun)ע(hu)ƌW(xu)о}Ŀ֮һ(du)оīI(xin)Ҫֲ(hu)W(xu)ΌW(xu)ͽ(jng)(j)W(xu)I(lng)(ni)1990ԁ(li)Ѹٷeۣѽ(jng)HС矟֮
y(tng)һ~(li)Ą(dng)~corruptus˼ǡ硱ƉġϣD~ζªȥ磨(y)191Liddell1889yД࣬_RˏϣDĻн(li)@һZ(y)~ؓ(f)溬xָQنT`ОнMĵطͱض(hu)иϣD˺_Rһӟo(w)g߽ͬ˴Ҏ(gu)ģĵۇ(gu)Mǰߏā(li)](mi)ЙC(j)(hu)Ԃ(g)ɞr(ji)ȥ_RʽĽM(dng)MҎ(gu)ģU(ku)r(sh)(qun)ڽMɆT֮gÿʧȥ(qun)Ѹټеٔ(sh)ɆTٔ(sh)ǸͳɞҎ(gu)ģM(wn)}(do)(g)M߽
ΣW(xu)g(sh)о(du)ġͬܵġǰҪĿɲ^y(c)ԣԼcW(xu)x߉ǡһxϵġͬ@һZ(y)~ڝhZ(y)еĺxǘӏVָһʽġЙC(j)wķֽ^(gu)̣˂ѽ(jng)l(f)I(lng)֞顰ġ˾ġġeȻ̫^(gu)磬(dng)ŵ乫(hu)ЛQK̕r(sh)(g)ŵƶȱָ顰?yn)`澫
齛(jng)(j)W(xu)(du)ġҪ漰(jng)(j)ķǷD(zhun)ơ@ȻF(xin)˱x1ǷHHָنTԹ(qun)IJȡ˽ОǷ(yng)(dng)һнM(ni)l(f)ԙ(qun)\˽О2ָһнM(ni)ę(qun)EôΰѲIJĽY(ji)c^(q)֣3ν綨(qun)ĞEá(hu)ȫw(sh)ɆTcµę(qun)ǷͲ(hu)QԒf(shu)(yn)ϡę(qun)\(yn)Ƿ4ӰǷһN(qun)ν綨@N(qun)ġEáVxأν綨ԒZ(y)(qun)͡Ļ(qun)ĸ
@ƪHHָنTĸ@һڽoıO(jin)g(sh)ƶȰ鹫桰ˡنTľОģʽM(jn)һԱx顰ί棭桱ƽ(bio)ϵ Scitovsky graphicĴcί֮gھОģʽ»㣷ͻ@һ(ji)ġ(jin)ģ͡ɴѾОģʽ Чÿ߅硱ąϵӑՓɴ˶(do)Č(du)ķnj(du)һОķڲF(xin)c(din)⡱r@һģЛ](mi)иġСo(w) (wn)}ֻиġ̶ȡ(wn)}
ڶ(ji)ǻڂ(g)xīI(xin)C@M(jn)һƶĶе(ji)ĺ(jin)ģĹ(ji)ӑՓ@һģ͵õij߽h(du)(w)ˆTġ깦(bo)ꡱĺбʵДࡣ
.īI(xin)C
ؐˠBekcer1968P(gun)ڷc(yu)O(jin)Փѽ(jng)ɞоĽ(jng)īI(xin)֮һƪؐˠoОģʽĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ጣڷӵxОهڣ1(hu)(du)ıO(jin)ɱ2܉@õij~3A(y)ڵıץ@L(fng)U(xin)A(y)ڕ(hu)ܵđPď(qing)@Щslڌ(du)(hu)ԡ(yu)ġP(qing)
ؐˠ֮(jng)(j)W(xu)ṩĵһƪP(gun)ڸĽ(jng)īI(xin)ǰKrueger1974Փƪ˙(qun)I(lng)ġ(jng)(j)⡱P(gun)Լ(gu)I(y)I(lng)ČО@ƪ°ѡ{ˮ(dng)r(sh)dġν(jng)(j)W(xu)о
ߵ٣Bhagwati1982P(gun)ڷa(chn)Ԍ⣨^DUP(dng)Direct Unproductive Profit-seeking activitiesՓǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)P(gun)ڸоһƪ(jng)īI(xin)ߌ(du)N(qun)(dng)ԷeˌҪʽ¡Ժ(dng)ԫ@ã1o(h)2Ј(chng)~иߣ3н(jng)I(yng)(qun)͵ĉŔֶ߽綨˙(qun)D(zhun)ƵYԴޡIę(qun)Iߎ(li)(rn)~Ķ(dng)һ̶ŤYԴãஔ(dng)a(chn)YԴD(zhun)Ƶa(chn)I(lng)ݳM(fi)Чʌ(sh)ٛ(zng)M(jn) 1990Ժǰ(hu)x(gu)M(jn)롰D(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)˽лcIJL(zhng)ځΣC(j)¶(li)ĸڄ߳ 1980(w)ΣC(j)(jng)(j)Yx(jng)(j)wϵr(sh)¶(li)ĸF(xin)֮ڷNNԭP(gun)ڡоuɡ@W(xu)@һr(sh)ڵīI(xin)˴(li)(gu)|ρЇ(gu)͚Wޱ^(q)İоԼyС(gu)H؛ŻMW(gu)H(gu)(gu)ҽ(jng)(j)оֵșC(j)(gu)о(bo)P(gun)@ЩīI(xin)ѽ(jng)l(f)ƪC(du)κP(gun)ע(wn)}x߶njFīI(xin)Lambsdorff1999
Bardhan1997
Ades and Di Tella1996
Rose-Ackerman1996
Khan1996
Andvig1991
ԼTansparency International Source book2000
Ades and Di Tella1997µĽ(jng)(yn)о֧˿ͰߵP(gun)A(y)c֮g(lin)ϵՓC
һ棬cΌW(xu)(hu)W(xu)(du)(chng)(du)һֽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ҏġD(zhun)ڽ(jng)(j)˽л^(gu)̡Ľ(jng)(yn)ˡЧՓ^a(chn)Ԍ⡱Փ@һǶȿ_(ki)ʼ@һĺنTȡVTͬr(sh)ṩ˹(w)Ҋ(jin)Tullock1996
^(gu)һ(g)ӡԡ(chng)Ҋ(jin)JohnsonKaufmannand Schleifer1997@뵽ɽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Posner1975Ŀһ̶ϳɞ(qing)(jng)(zhng)ĝ(rn)(li)Խ(jng)(j)W(xu)(ni)Č(du)@һu(png)MurphySchleiferand Vishny1993
Kurer1993
Kaufmann1997
Mauro19951997峣1996oһNһ⡰ҕµĸĽY(ji)ՓǣڸI(lng)븂(jng)(zhng)C(j)ƣՓǽ(jng)(j)I(lng)߀I(lng)nj(du)̎Braguinsky1996P(gun)ڸ(jng)(zhng)ԭh(hun)º͉Ŕh(hun)µĽ(jng)(j)L(zhng)c֮gP(gun)ϵoƵՓC
(jng)(j)W(xu)ṩһF(xin)ķ(li)ԲՓCadot1987
Tirole1996@һ˼·ؔ(ci)a(chn)(qun)ĺ綨ɞƸҪh(hun)(ji)Przeworskiand Limongi1993
ϵľC(du)顰ОģʽĸķģO(sh)wϵ(dng)Б(yng)(dng)̎@ӎׂ(g)(wn)}1(du)ıO(jin)C(j)ǷЧɱcO(jin)(qing)֮gP(gun)ϵӵ
2װl(f)ę(qun)C(j)(gu)ƶӵ@Щ(qun)cʲôӵĽ(jng)(j)(lin)ϵԼ(qun)Eõij̶c(qun)ġ⡱֮gP(gun)ϵ
3ǷcEÙ(qun)ข(jng)(zhng)ʽĹ(w)˽˷(w)@ЩƷM(fi)c(qun)M(fi)õı^
4F(xin)ƶȌ(du)(qun)ʹṩı Ľ(jng)(j)(l)ď(qing)ڶ̶cl(f)lʳɷȣڶ̶ό(du)đP(qing)cl(f)lʳɷ
5ڶ̶\ǰĸОcL(zhng)ڽ(jng)(j)Ч֮gڷP(gun)ϵ
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O(sh)Թ(w)ˆT顰Թ顰ίз(hu)sP(gun)ϵO(sh)ScitovskyDοÁ(li)̄@һίУP(gun)ϵҊ(jin)Dһ
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O(sh)О錦(du)(yng)ڈDһġP(gun)ϵ߅硱L㣷ǸNa(chn)Ԍ⡱M(jn)̎ģͷ@f(shu)ġԓpr(ji)(li)\˽
ҪӑՓǮ(dng)ί˰ѹίеę(qun)˽Ŀĕr(sh)Щ؛Q˹c˽֮g߅HD(zhun)Q@һa(chn)ՓоǡMRTS Marginal Rate of Technological Substitution(du)(yng)ScitovskyDеD(zhun)Q߅ڸ(g)c(din)б(sh)@Щбʵκһ(g)(du)(yng)ڼO(sh)ڵġ(qun)Ј(chng) ϵһ(g)r(ji)Ҳf(shu)QD(zhun)QʵĹڴ˵(qun)ж{ˌ(du)˶ԵġslQ@һD(zhun)QʵĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)xҪӑՓ(du)(qun)(w)o
ڌߌ(du)յę(qun)RЪ^ġTKIJǡ(qun)\(yn)RЪP(gun)TԡėlҎ(gu)ɲyƌ(do)ߌ(du)˙(qun)ȡQأ1(du)߁(li)f(shu)Ù(qun)܉ṩķ(w)ڶ̶ǿS(w)䌍(sh)ǿģÛQ(du)ͥÛQڎͽM(du)MF(tun)(du)ij܇˾VTijՈ(qng)͵M(fi)ãM(fi)ã^(gu)ԓ˾ϣVİӵăr(ji)ֵ·r܇M(fi)1600ԪţôĴُ(gu)I(qun)DzԵ(du)(qun)(w)ֶԽF(du)(qun)(w)ԾԽ
2(du)߁(li)f(shu)@ȡ˽횵Ͷڶ̶ǿһ˾ij(xing)ĿҪ@Ù(qun)C(j)(gu)(xing)@(xing)һ(xing)ⶼǿôߌ(du)һ(xing)ę(qun)(w)^͵ďԣ
3֧ČM(fi)\˽ĿM(fi)ռı@һԽСߌ(du)M(fi)õжȾԽڴxό(du)(qun)(w)ԾԽͣ
4ڶ̶挦(du)ߵĸ(jng)(zhng)@һ(jng)(zhng)Խңߌ(du)ӑr(ji)߀r(ji)ؾԽСڴxό(du)(qun)(w)ҲԽ
ڡ(qun)(w)ĹoQԵظҪεĺ(hu)ĻĶǽ(jng)(j)Ї(gu)rԣг@ЩQˡ(qun)(w)Ĺoأ1˞@üЙ(qun)ѽ(jng)M(fi)˶Ŭ@Щѽ(jng)ġɱA(y)ڿɞˡطО鎧(li)顰طęC(j)(hu)ɱ@Щѽ(jng)Ŭڶ̶Ͽͨ^(gu)õa(b)@ȻطĻ؈(bo)Խ˞錤ṩġ(qun)(w)ĹoԽ
2˵ę(qun)A(ch)(dng)ЩҪa(b)ͽoa(b)?sh)?hu)YԴڶ̶Dz鲻a(b)@ЩYԴM(fi)õĴСڴxϛQ˴ԸГ(dn)L(fng)U(xin)?q)ȡġ?qun)(w)Ĉ(bo)
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4A(y)ԼЙ(qun)A(ch)߀܉@ö(qun)A(y)ګ@õę(qun)ăr(ji)ֵԽڴxϴ?q)ȡĻ؈?bo)Խߣ
5˵ę(qun)Sgwrw׃ε(jng)(j)(hu)ģ׃(dng)Ј(chng)Y(ji)(gu)Ӱ푙(qun)fʡضl(f)׃@һ׃ķ
corQġ(qun)錤߷(w)ľr(ji)ǰ齛(jng)(j)YԴġ(qun)ڹc˽֮g߅HD(zhun)QO(sh)֪@һ߅HD(zhun)Qʡ
O(sh)P(gun)ڹ֮gğo(w)岢ϴобʵһO(sh)СD(zhun)Qʡc(din)
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3ֵ(hu)ν(jng)(j)lQ߅HD(zhun)QԽСֱM`ֱMôĸОҲԽ
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5O(sh)еġ(qun)Ј(chng)ֱMô(jng)(j)W(xu)o(w)ДcίǷ(hu)õһ(g)ܿܵģģY(ji)p涼ܵp@һc(din)֧˲ϣԼ峣I(lng)븂(jng)(zhng)C(j)ƿԾⸯĿ
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(gu)gM͌W(xu)ߌ(xi)˺矟t(y)θ£Anti-Corruption Knowledge Center2000ȑ(yng)(dng)һĸcձϵy(tng)ĸ^(q)_(ki)(li)ǰһСM(hu)o(w)ġ(qun)Y֮һ߄tx飺ֻп˸(rn)ſṩ(w)ϵy(tng)ę(qun)О顱@ƪP(gun)ĵǡϵy(tng)Ը
(gu)Ľ(jng)(yn)о1ϵy(tng)ԵĸҪl(f)ڽ(jng)(j)l(f)_(d)^(q)
2ϵy(tng)ԸăɷNҪʽǡcǰ漰(hu)wƸĸ漰μӏ(qing)(du)(qun)ıO(jin)
3ͨ^(gu)зʽͽ(jng)(j)\(yn)ЧʣA˹(w)M(fi)ÏĶ(gu)ֱͶY(dng)
BѴYԴa(chn)TD(zhun)Ƶa(chn)Ԍ⡱(dng)ȥ
C(hu)ƶȵġܵġxԡĶ˽L(zhng)ͶYͷeYa(chn)ķeO
Dˡ¸ijɱĶI(y)Ľ(jng)(j)(chung)»(dng)(do)ͺڎͻ(dng)棨Cartier-Bresson2000
Ї(gu)(gu)(ni)ĸҪ]ɻIJE1κν(jng)(j)(sh)(hu)gA
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4ͨ^(gu)ݛՓO(jin)͑\(yn)(du)Eù(qun)ĹنTƲáҪЌ(sh)еľwʩcƶȄ(chung)O(sh)ƸP(gun)IEDŽeǡЌ(sh)(sh)زȡʩƸ
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2ռ(sh)(j)ceTĸ̶ȼl(f)Ҫ;
3{(dio)оĻA(ch)ɿW(xu)ίT(hu)ӆTġОҎ(gu)ʹM(fi)_(ki)oһйԸԃ
4ϵy(tng)Tę(qun)نTաОҎ(gu)ʹ(qun)ޕr(sh)l(f)ĸN(du)@ЩM(jn)Й(qun)cYx(j)Ҏ(gu)Tc(qun)ޣڱҪr(sh)ġ
Ϲ(ji)ĺ(jin)ģ͵ķζ5O(sh)Ŀģ͂?q)I(y)˽{(dio)ˆT(du)e(bo)Լ(du)ķ؝ۙC(j)(gu)ܵ`(dng)M(jn){(dio)l(f)ЌTM(fi)¶ʹàrM(jn)չٝ(d)ڙ(qun)C(j)(gu)ĸNe(bo)ġּڷĻ(lin)W(wng)ᾀԒȺ(hu)
6O(sh)ڴӹˆTġ깦(bo)ꡱбĶ(hu)ˆTһֹ(bo)꼰(jing)(l)ĴtԺ֧@һ(jng)(j)(l)ھˆTОġڻF(xin)бʡӋ(j)㣺Ї(gu)Ŀǰrԣ@t֧Ĉ(bo)(yng)(dng)ԾSݹ(w)ˆT20f(wn)ԪŵˮƽSr(ji)ָ(sh){(dio)ٶ?c)g루(jng)I(y)(j)ˣu_(d)3f(wn)5f(wn)10f(wn)15f(wn)(w)ȼ(j)
īI(xin)
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1993Why is Rent-Seeking So Costly to GrowthThe American Economic Review 83 2 (May)
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