콨,Ŵo(j)ʷоǰؒ
l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-12 Դ: vʷ c(din)
1 Փ}cǰ؆}
Ŵo(j)ʷW(xu)оʷǰ(hu)Ԫ17o(j)ĚvʷW(xu)оĵҪŴϣD_RŴ
o(j)W͖|WŴ|ρЁ⣬оI(lng)߀Ŵo(j)ͨʷŴ(hu)ı^о
ЇŴo(j)ʷо^m(x)P(gun)עy(tng)}Ŵ(hu)ƶl(f)չ⽨ƶˇ(f)dͬr(sh)F(xin)һǶ¡^c(din)µоɹF(xin)ڣ1ڸߵČӴP(gun)עشՓ}ǰ؆}Փ·M(jn)^о2P(gun)עע،}оu[ÓͨʷԵоģʽijЩI(lng)F(xin)һоɹ3оI(lng)M(jn)һU(ku)ǰоĶ_˹ŴʷrŴʷоɹF(xin)ڂy(tng)ğc(din)оI(lng)ҲU(ku)չŴϣDʷоH^m(x)P(gun)עŵr(sh)ϣDڕr(sh)g^m(x)ڵĺRr(sh)ֳr(sh)U(ku)չW(xu)߂_ʼP(gun)עϣDr(sh)_Rˡ_Ry(tng)Εr(sh)ڵϣD˵Ȇ}4Ŵo(j)ʷоcHW(xu)g(sh)܉P(gun)ڇHW(xu)g(sh)оеğc(din)}o(j)ʷое(hu)(jng)(j)ʷŴʷоеڇ҆}c(hu)P(gun)ϵҲwF(xin)҇W(xu)ߵо
ڽ(jng)^ʮоЇW(xu)˼ʷоеҪՓ}P(gun)עՓҲeO\(yn)һЩՓQvʷ}Rˈָ(zhn)F(xin)˱ʷwϵڌ(du)vʷ^J(rn)֪wϵ߀δa(chn)@Щʷ_(chung)֮Rο˷WՓĆ}SW(xu)u(png)WՓڽµʷδ@@ɿ?yn)҂ʷwϵW(xu)߽Ǹ(j)W(jng)(yn)óп^һҲКWՓһ档Һ͵^(q)ʷW(xu)njW(xu)(x)ʷW(xu)ȱԼĚvʷl(f)ՓF(xin)ڵʷֻһN(zhn)ʷСָښvʷоR(sh)ՓŬDZҪģҲҪR(sh)vʷcĻĽܺ͂Լ(d)صĖ|M(jn)е@ɱ،(do)vʷcĻĖ|ʽ`xo(j)cvʷĻI(lng)@N`xҪwF(xin)ڽcɂy(tng)γ\(yn)(dng)cڽ̸ĸcxԼ̻ʙ(qun)P(gun)оu(png)r(ji)ϡij·P(gun)W(xu)g(sh)ʷķeOԼW(xu)ƶW(xu)g(sh)Ʒa(chn)C(j)Ƶ{(dio)
ȫʷcwʷоǽH(ni)ʷW(xu)P(gun)עĽc(din)}֮һĹŴʷоĽǶȁfwʷоṩһ(g)µ˼·҂Qy(tng)ʷW(xu)оoһЩ}߅^(q)cĵ^(q)P(gun)ϵĆ}M(jn)һU˹̹wϵՓľ𡢰l(f)չ䌦(du)ʷW(xu)оؕI(xin)ӑՓwϵՓڹŴʷeǹŴɺ^(q)ʷǰvʷоеđ(yng)ָwϵĽW(wng)j(lu)ڹŴɺ(hu)˕r(sh)ѽ(jng)
Դڰl(f)չ}ǽʷW(xu)ӑՓ^ҵĆ}ʷW(xu)߲H(ni)B˴W(xu)g(sh)P(gun)Դ}Փ^c(din)ҲeOc̽Їҵڇ҆}ƽһϵ(ni)W(xu)߽BW(xu)g(sh)P(gun)ڇоՓɹԼо^c(din)Ҳ@һЩƽo˻ؑ(yng)Լ^c(din)ɽˑ(zhn)cΙ(qun)P(gun)ϵԑ(zhn)ƷpnYԴÞ̽ӑ˹Ŵ(zhn)(du)Ι(qun)Ӱ푡Lָ(dng)W(xu)Փ(du)R˼xP(gun)(hu)MM(jn)ČW(xu)fһķeOxҲ(du)ЇŴԴγɵозeOx
W(xu)߂עP(gun)עW(xu)ǰ؆}Y(ji)Ŵo(j)ʷоrСף꿡S߷քeϹʷo(j)ʷĽǶȿY(ji)˽ЇŴo(j)ʷоr콨¿Y(ji)˽Դоğc(din)yc(din)}wĺČW(xu)ƽǶȿY(ji)ͽBŴo(j)ʷоc(din)ꐅĄt(du)ЇW(xu)g(sh)P(gun)עġ⽨}M(jn)˾CY(ji)
2 Ŵ|ʷо
ЇĹŴ|ʷоeʷоȡشM(jn)չ@ЩԽԽP(gun)ɹl(f)ʷо}漰ԽԽVW(xu)߂\(yn)SԭʼYϣļ(x)µʷϷֿC֣оŴǚvʷϵľw}\(yn)ìF(xin)ʷW(xu)ՓоһЩ^}
ŴʷоP(gun)עŴɺvʷҪĚvʷr(sh)¼ƶ(du)ĿǰȻ̎ڳ(chung)Aεăɺʷоf@ӵx}dzռŴɺvʷʹЇʷW(xu)猦(du)ԓ^(q)vʷиȫ˽о˼Kġf@ęnJ(rn)翨ǺϷ؏ǰαRհ_(d)^λijЩW(xu)Ɯyǘͨ^ƷǰΡ(jng)(j)ڽԼؔ(ci)a(chn)Й(qun)(qun)ȷʼKSւy(tng)ƶǰεķᘺߣ]M(jn)κشĸĸڇҰl(f)չĽǶP(gun)עŰͱȂr(sh)ڃɺγɺڰl(f)չеú͵λָͨ^Cķ_(hu)ȼ(j)ƶ(sh)г⽻ߡĹƶȺ͇ҙC(j)߶ȌƵ뼯(qun)ڹŰͱȂr(sh)γŴɺҰl(f)չ_(d)һ(g)ʢr(sh)
W(xu)߂^m(x)оʷ¹ġɣ̫һӡKʷԊc֮IJͬǶȌ(du)KʷԊc֮M(jn)˽(du)ıM(jn)µUcx(du)P(gun)vʷvʷ¼cijЩM(jn)Uጺͽx(du)W(xu)оM(jn)u(png)һcHW(xu)܉ġݗlsо(du)ԭʼlsīI(xin)M(jn)нx(du)ݗlsM(jn)Кwо˄(chung)^c(din)
ŴʷоȻP(gun)עH(ni)ʷW(xu)оеğc(din)}(hu)ʷо猦(du)B(yng)P(gun)ϵ(chung)Ԓо(j)(du)ūε^(q)ԭʼB(yng)ļоָB(yng)ƶȲͬڬF(xin)ͨxϵB(yng)cЙ(qun)ֱӵ(lin)ϵB(yng)İl(f)cl(f)չҪԫ@ý(jng)(j)(q)(dng)ָŴɺڲͬĕr(sh)ڷքeǸĄ(chung)ԒŴɺ(chung)Ԓǽy(tng)A(j)So(h)y(tng)εĹ֮һl(f)չ׃cͬr(sh)ڵıo(h)λֱӵP(gun)ϵߵ׃cŴɺvʷİl(f)չP(gun)ռɺʷ֪R(sh)ɞc(din)ŴɺʷLJ(ni)оdzČW(xu)ƣP(gun)עռɺʷ֪R(sh)(yng)njW(xu)߂xo؟(z)
ŴоP(gun)עŴvʷϵĶ(g)棬İּDŮȶ(g)Ƕо˰˵ā^ּāԴFŮĽȆ}۸ָŴĽ죬oՓ߀挦(du)Ҷһ(g)ؓ(f)(dn)ĹĴСɱ܇xλԼQҎ(gu)ģͽY(ji)(gu)棬(dng)r(sh)ڽeǁ^˛QԵڡĹŴfġ(dng)r(sh)DŮĵλһ۸оfڹŴvʷеӢ(du)ʷǰr(sh)ڵİ̮̖(ho)M(jn)ϵy(tng)ĽB@Щ̖(ho)ă(ni)cֵP(gun)ϵȆ}⣬W(xu)߂߀քeо˰˵Ěvʷ^wеľSľڽ̵Ȇ}bĿǰ(ni)ŴʷоȻ^ĬF(xin)P(gun)ڰʷ(jng)(j)ʷĻʷȂy(tng)ʷW(xu)}Ȼ(yng)(dng)oҕa(b)(ni)ʷW(xu)P(gun)ڰʷоĿհ
_ʼЌW(xu)P(gun)עq̫˵ĚvʷP(gun)עq̫˵Ěvʷӛq̫ڸ(g)vʷr(sh)ڵĻ(dng)l(f)]ʷόW(xu)ĽǶȚw{W(xu)猦(du)ڪq̫ĵоɹӑՓ_Ry(tng)Εr(sh)ڪq̫˵W(xu)߂߀P(gun)עo(j)q̫˵(hu)
3 ŴϣD_R
ŴϣDc_RоЇŴʷоеĂy(tng)I(lng)ڹŴϣDʷоW(xu)߂^m(x)P(gun)עy(tng)ijǰоȻоŵƶȞҪ(ni)܌W(xu)P(gun)עϣDԒcvʷP(gun)ϵоM(jn)һM(jn)չؕо˹ϣDvʷr(sh)߯ăɄtЄ(chung)
ϣDʷо߀P(gun)ע˶(g)y(tng)(chung)µn}W(xu)߂l(f)һЩy(tng)}ijɹTϣD܌W(xu)ϣDc(din)ϣDū`Ɔ}ȡW(xu)߂dzעоϣDŵr(sh)ǰĚvʷ̽BġR(hu)оa(b)҇W(xu)ϣD(hu)оеĿհW(xu)߂քeоϣDֳ(dng)ڰr(sh)ϣDͺI(dng)Ȇ}˹_(d)оҲǽW(xu)P(gun)עijǰP(gun)˹_(d)ǰĂy(tng)J(rn)R(sh)Щ`^(q)žʹ^c(din)߀һɹ_ϣDоҕǣP(yng)SgУġεׁϣDTŵԴɱ͔(sh)һ(du)εׁϣDTԴ؛c(hu)׃w֮gP(gun)(lin)M(jn)ӑՓ@ǽЩHW(xu)g(sh)һ(g)оc(din)κPɏ(du)ϣDİ͎˹xоҲLJ(ni)W(xu)g(sh)об^Ҋ}ĿϣDʷоmȻF(xin)һЩ^·f}Ŀоc(din)Ȼڂy(tng)ŵƶоx}^c(din)Ą(chung)Yϵİl(f)F(xin)ȷrµM(jn)չ
Ŵ_RоȻ_R͇_RۇƶоW(xu)߂о_R͕r(sh)_RԪԺƶȡzƶ}͇˥Ȇ}
W(xu)߂(du)_RۇP(gun)ע}ӏVP(gun)עy(tng)о܊ƶԪ׳ݡĻl(f)չ}ҲP(gun)ע_Rۇؔ(ci)ƶ(du)_R(hu)ƶȵо^Уc(din)P(gun)ע(hu)D(zhun)͕r(sh)ڵĻƶ
W(xu)߂dzP(gun)עϣD_RĻP(gun)ϵоϣD_R֮gP(gun)ϵӰꐺָϣDӰ푡e_RϣD֮gP(gun)ϵǽJ(rn)_Ry(tng)ϣDmȻʧΪ(d)һ(g)Ļ塱y(tng)J(rn)ͬSJ(rn)ϣD_Rڌ(du)|TcJ(rn)֪wF(xin)һN|x|xһ(g)ٹ̵ƾõ˼cԒZy(tng)
ŵҵČW(xu)fȻnjW(xu)߂P(gun)עĽc(din)(du)ϣ_¡ʿ٢оȻǟc(din)W(xu)߂^m(x)gŵҵ(ni)xM(jn)һЩ(jng)ĹŵW(xu)о@Щڇ(ni)W(xu)g(sh)M(jn)һоˮƽչоҕҰõؽBŵW(xu)оijɹˏ¹Ŵʷо
4 o(j)W
o(j)ķ⽨ƶһֱLJ(ni)o(j)ʷоW(xu)P(gun)עĽc(din)}W(xu)߂HĸǶо⽨x}߀(du)@(g)}оrM(jn)пY(ji)ČW(xu)g(sh)ʷeǏČ(sh)CՓɷUWFeudalismǚWޚvʷl(f)չĮa(chn)ֻښWƽӑՓWo(j)(hu)r(nng)Fͽʿ(g)ȼ(j)ָ(gu)(hu)wȼ(j)ƶȘ(gu)o(j)(hu)ĻA(ch)ͬr(sh)Ҳ_ÿ(g)ȼ(j)(yng)ę(qun)x(w)ȼ(j)һɲ׃S(jng)(j)İl(f)չ(hu)׃(g)ȼ(j)кܴ׃ָֺo(j)Wȼ(j)^ڻ̵ȼ(j)^ĻA(ch)uγɵȼ(j)֮gȷdžμƽȅf(xi)džμČӼ(j)ԲƽP(gun)ϵdzʬF(xin)(f)sc(din)䗝о˵־⽨ƶȵc(din)ָйŕr(sh)⽨xİl(f)չ(g)@c(din)һ(du)t
Dz
@(g)c(din)(du)(qun)a(chn)Ӱ
Їo(j)ʷоW(xu)(du)Ӣo(j)ʷоһֱ^롣ӢʷW(xu)ߵоҕҰdzV(du)Ӣo(j)(jng)(j)ڽ(hu)}P(gun)עʹӢʷɞo(j)ʷоI(lng)ď(qing)W(xu)ơ
W(xu)߂P(gun)עȻӢʷ(du)ӢθĸӢ(qun)ؙ(qun)(qun)c̙(qun)P(gun)ϵӢHγɵȆ}^c(din)ġӢҵγɡ̽ӑ˚Wޏo(j)⽨Yx^ɵҪ}16o(j)ӢҙC(j)(gu)cܵ׃c(din)(j)ԭʼYcՓؔ(ci)C(j)(gu)Ժ˾C(j)(gu)طh(hu)̕(hu)Ҫ׃(du)Ӣ(qun)@׃еλ׃׃Ľ(jng)(j)(hu)(c(din)̎xһ)
(hu)ȼ(j)ƶȵ׃Ҳ̽ӑָ@׃ԺӢıl(f)ƵĽYx(qing)γɵ춨˻A(ch)ꐽhָ۵Aһy(tng)Εr(sh)Ӣml(f)̵(hu)׃o(j)ʢr(sh)Ӣvʷl(f)չıF(xin)cY(ji)ͬr(sh)ҲӢ춨˸ĻA(ch)ʩ\оȫ߷⽨ćһϵؔ(ci)ؙ(qun)ָ(qun)𡱵Ĵ_Ӣ16o(j)ڽ̸ĸĺ¼_(qun)ڽ̺窚(d)һoĽy(tng)ελʷо(du)ڶIоȻ֮ءо˶Ir(sh)ڵĽ̅^(q)ΰ٣ָڽ(jng)(j)(hu)аl(f)]Ӣ(du)F(xin)l(f)չ^ҪؕI(xin)ˣW(xu)߂ҲP(gun)עӢ(hu)ʷҕӢİl(f)չ(du)F(xin)ʷl(f)չؕI(xin)Ӣҵc(din)еİl(f)չQ(mo)ȷӑՓӢoF(xin)za(chn)⣬W(xu)߂߀оӢ(hu)ʷI(lng)е}ʥͽݡ{(jng)Iƶȵ
ЇWo(j)ʷоo(j)ʷоһֱDZh(hun)(ji)@(g)}W(xu)߂ͻSxȡo(j)(qun)ͻƿڣ·y(tng)geO쏈(qun)H׃˴ǰ(qun)rʹ(qun)ă(ni)ݵõ䌍(sh)ʹ(qun)ӔU(ku)չ䗝tP(gun)ע־(qun)10~11o(j)־һNۇ̕(hu)wƣ䌍(sh)|(zh)(qun)(do)µ(qun)c̕(hu)gĹP(gun)ϵ
Wo(j)ڽƶȺڽ̸ĸЇW(xu)g(sh)P(gun)עĂy(tng)}W(xu)߂ҕڽƶеһЩw¼wPҕڽ̸ĸеһЩС֧оĿͬڽcεP(gun)ϵˇ(f)dͬnjW(xu)g(sh)P(gun)עĂy(tng)}Wˇ(f)d\(yn)(dng)M(jn)ԣHF(xin)˼ĻԼ⽨W(xu)wF(xin)ڡ˞鱾M(jn)ĻϡҫJ(rn)__ijЏ(qing)ɞˇ(f)dl(f)صĸԭo(j)ʷо߀P(gun)עr(nng)ūơo(j)Tʿʮ܊}o(j)̘I(y)cаl(f)չ}Wcl(f)չP(gun)ϵ}
5 ռͥ|WЖ|^(q)͖|
ռͥоԲʿоҪоڽߡߌ(du)ռͥΰl(f)չӰ־(qing)ˡʿߡĚvʷָvʷоߵ^솖}ĽǶȳQ䌦(du)ʷϵxȡCx\(yn)M(jn)Ӱ䌦(du)vʷ}ДGо˰ռ͢ʵ۲ʿڽʧԭP(gun)ڰռͥۇڽߣKu(png)˾ʿ̹һڽJ(rn)ڽw(yn)c΄(dng)C(j)ЙC(j)y(tng)һ
|WŴʷоԶ_˹ƽо˚vʷ϶_˹r(nng)Ė|ָ_˹r(nng)Ė|Br(nng)Լy(tng)ijɷӖ(xn)tP(gun)עĪ˹ЇJ(rn)Ī˹ЇcķmooBijDž^(q)
Ж|ŴʷоC˹ŴЖ|ijСQ(mo)Ļc(din)ȶ(g)}y(tng)Ė|W(xu)ɌW(xu)J(rn)Ж|o(j)˹mЛ]гC(j)(gu)]иM(jn)Լ(w)؟(z)ΣЛ]κηeOؕI(xin)܇Ч÷(du)|(zh)J(rn)1500~1501꿨Ş(du)h(yun)ӡQl(f)F(xin)һAHеĵĴС
ռͥ|Wo(j)ŴЖ|ʷо҂W(xu)g(sh)оһֱDZh(hun)(ji)dzF(xin)һЩоɹȻoڽČW(xu)wϵ(yng)(dng)ӏ(qing)͔U(ku)չ@ЩW(xu)I(lng)
ږ|Ŵʷо콨µĺ̫оҪͻƿڣ(du)ڹŴrоɞһ(g)c(din)콨¡̫رоһԺ̫ĸ(g)r(sh)ڵرҪY@W(xu)fʷРhĆ}M(jn)˿졣̫ǹŴ߾ʮŴ(Ԫ391~412λ)ĹڹԪ414^ȥ100P(gun)˱ĵӑՓږ|աnŴʷW(xu)ܵVP(gun)עԓҪ̽ӑĆ}Уر͂1884aر|(zh)P(gun)}ĩSعƏĵĽ(jng)vرԭίʯرİkF(xin)Լʯa(b)ֵԭ|(zh)}̫r(sh)رľ꼰䷽߸ָ߾λȼ(j)ƶڰl(f)չ׃^ȺF(xin)N׃콨ͨ^(du)rʷɕ̓(ni)ݵԔ(x)y(tng)Ӌ(j)ͿCl(f)F(xin)żἰġӛl(xing)ijNضʷr(sh)ھͳF(xin)Ĕ(sh)ʷͨQ
ĿǰЇŴo(j)ʷоRҪ}Ȼ^m(x)U(ku)չеоI(lng)_µоI(lng)1ŌW(xu)Yϵĵλѽ(jng)õһЩW(xu)ߵҕΌ֮\(yn)ڌ(sh)HоcīI(xin)YY(ji)@Щ}ȻҪQ2оشՓ}R˼xΨʷ^cŴo(j)ʷĚvʷYY(ji)ĿǰRһ(g)Ҫ}3y(tng)I(lng)簢Ŵʷ|ρŴʷӡo(j)ʷȱȲ]дM(jn)չ
c(din)x