烤煙氯營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究進(jìn)展

        發(fā)布時(shí)間:2019-08-23 來源: 美文摘抄 點(diǎn)擊:


          摘 要:氯元素既是烤煙必需的微量元素之一,對(duì)烤煙生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及產(chǎn)質(zhì)量有重要影響,也是影響煙葉質(zhì)量的主要指標(biāo)之一。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為烤煙是忌氯作物,生產(chǎn)上禁施氯肥。但是據(jù)近年來相關(guān)報(bào)道部分煙葉產(chǎn)區(qū)由于氯含量過低而成為影響煙葉質(zhì)量的重要限制因子,以往有關(guān)煙葉氯含量的控制所做的大量研究表明,在缺氯的煙區(qū)適當(dāng)施用氯肥,能夠促進(jìn)煙葉生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,并且有助于改善煙葉品質(zhì)。闡述了氯離子對(duì)烤煙的生理作用,對(duì)初烤煙葉質(zhì)量的影響以及烤煙氯素吸收積累規(guī)律,同時(shí)對(duì)以往增施氯肥的研究進(jìn)行了綜述,并對(duì)今后烤煙氯素的研究做了展望。
          關(guān)鍵詞:烤煙;煙葉質(zhì)量;氯肥;積累規(guī)律;綜述
          中圖分類號(hào):S572.012 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-060X(2015)03-0139-05
          Abstract:Chlorine is one of the essential trace elements of flue-cured tobacco, which has important effects on the tobacco growth, yield and quality, and the content of chlorine is one of main indicators affecting the quality of tobacco leaves. The traditional view has been that tobacco is sensitive to chlorine, so no chlorine fertilizer can be applied to the tobacco growth. In recent years, some related reports have found that chlorine has become a key limiting factor against the quality of tobacco leaves because of the low content of chlorine in some of the tobacco production areas of China. Many researches have suggested that appropriate application of chlorine fertilizer could promote tobacco growth and development, and help improve the quality of tobacco leaves in soil with low chlorine content. This paper expounds the physiological effect of chlorine ion on tobacco, influence on quality of cured tobacco leaves, and absorption and accumulation of the chlorine by tobacco, reviews the previous studies of increasing application of chlorine fertilizer, and prospects the future research of flue-cured tobacco chlorine.
          Key words: flue-cured tobacco; tobacco quality; chlorine fertilizer; accumulation regularity;review
          氯是烤煙生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育必需的微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素之一,植物正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程中對(duì)氯的需要量很少,一般150~300 mg/kg即可滿足需要 [1]。氯含量過高或過低都會(huì)影響烤煙質(zhì)量[2],由于氯廣泛存在于土壤、水和空氣中,植物不僅可以通過根系從土壤中吸收氯離子,也可通過葉片從空氣中吸收氯素[2],一般大田作物極少出現(xiàn)缺氯癥狀[3];而烤煙對(duì)氯的反應(yīng)尤其敏感,氯過量供應(yīng)極易導(dǎo)致奢侈吸收,因此人們更多關(guān)注的是氯的過量對(duì)烤煙品質(zhì)的不利影響,所以現(xiàn)階段我國(guó)烤煙生產(chǎn)上通常禁止施用含氯的肥料。禁施含氯肥料以及部分地區(qū)土壤環(huán)境中的氯含量本底值偏低,烤煙氯含量過低致使品質(zhì)下降的情況已有報(bào)道,韓忠明等[4]人的研究結(jié)果也表明我國(guó)烤煙氯含量普遍偏低。為了平衡烤煙氯素含量,提升烤煙質(zhì)量,廣大煙草工作者在烤煙氯素營(yíng)養(yǎng)方面已開展了大量工作,綜述以往相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展可為烤煙氯素合理調(diào)控提供參考。
          1 氯素含量對(duì)烤煙品質(zhì)的影響
          1.1 研究進(jìn)展
          氯是影響煙葉質(zhì)量的主要指標(biāo),一般認(rèn)為煙葉含氯量在0.3%~0.8%較為適宜[5-6]。適宜的氯含量使煙葉質(zhì)地柔軟,吸濕性較好,具有良好的油潤(rùn)和彈性,貯存、膨脹性好,切絲率高,破損小,填充力強(qiáng),燃燒性好。含氯量過高和過低均會(huì)降低煙葉品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量:煙葉氯含量超過1.0%,煙葉燃燒性變差,導(dǎo)致熄火,大于2.94%時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)氯中毒的癥狀;煙葉氯含量太低,則煙葉彈性差、易破碎,煙葉淡黃,質(zhì)量下降。
          曾兆佳等[7]通過408份煙葉樣品研究了涼山烤煙氯含量狀況及其與煙葉質(zhì)量的關(guān)系:在均值0.3%至最高值小于1.0%的氯含量下,氯含量越高,煙葉外觀質(zhì)量越好,煙葉糖堿比、兩糖差越大,而鉀氯比、兩糖比隨氯含量增高而降低,氯含量與煙氣各指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性不顯著且關(guān)聯(lián)度均較低。
          鄧小華等[8]以湖南省主要植煙區(qū)2001~2003年初烤煙葉樣品559個(gè),研究了湖南烤煙氯含量狀況及氯含量對(duì)評(píng)吸質(zhì)量的影響,結(jié)果表明在總體含氯水平偏低的情況下,氯對(duì)評(píng)吸質(zhì)量指標(biāo)的影響依次為刺激性>雜氣>灰色>燃燒性>余味>吸味>勁頭>總分>香氣質(zhì)>香味>香氣量>濃度;當(dāng)煙葉中氯含量偏低時(shí),會(huì)降低香味和吸味,從而顯著降低評(píng)吸總分值,評(píng)吸質(zhì)量變差。

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