造訪榮成天鵝湖 榮成天鵝湖

　　又是一年飄雪時(shí)，上萬(wàn)只大天鵝如期飛至榮成天鵝湖，在這里棲息越冬，天鵝湖迎來(lái)了又一個(gè)美麗的冬季。 　　迎著輕盈飛舞的朵朵雪花，沐浴著略具寒意的陣陣海風(fēng)，帶著無(wú)比的愜意，漫步榮成天鵝湖，觀海天一色的壯美景觀，賞仙子凌波的曼妙舞姿，讀人與自然融洽相處的和諧詩(shī)篇。
　　
　　美麗的傳說(shuō)
　　
　　傳說(shuō)秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國(guó)后，親自到榮成成山頭移山填海造橋求長(zhǎng)生不老藥，命令其妻聽到鑼聲按時(shí)送飯。一日，天還未晌，由于昆蟲亂飛撞響了鑼，其妻急忙把飯送到。秦始皇見妻子違令提前送飯，大怒，不由分說(shuō)將妻子處死。妻子冤屈，淚流成河，在成山頭附近馬山北坡的洼地匯成了“淚水湖”。人們懷念她，呼喚她純潔的靈魂回到人間，于是天上便落下了無(wú)數(shù)的大天鵝，輕輕漂游在淚水湖上。人們也就把這淚水湖叫做天鵝湖了。
　　傳說(shuō)給天鵝湖增添了許多神奇與魅力，其實(shí)“湖”的形成、天鵝的到來(lái)，與榮成獨(dú)特的地理位置與氣候環(huán)境密不可分。
　　天鵝屬雁形目鴨科，國(guó)家二級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物，是一種舉止莊重、儀態(tài)優(yōu)雅的大型水鳥。中國(guó)主要有三種天鵝，分別是大天鵝、小天鵝和疣鼻天鵝。在榮成棲息的主要是大天鵝，大天鵝在中國(guó)古代稱為“鵠”，屬于大型游禽，是世界上飛得最高的鳥類之一，身長(zhǎng)約140厘米，全身羽毛純白色，頸部修長(zhǎng)而彎曲，眼先至嘴基淡黃色，上嘴黃色可達(dá)鼻孔，嘴尖及下嘴黑色，腳黑色，棲息于多葦草的大型湖泊、池塘和沼澤地帶，以水生植物為食，也吃水生昆蟲和軟體動(dòng)物。
　　榮成市地處山東半島最東端，屬暖溫帶季風(fēng)型濕潤(rùn)氣候區(qū)。獨(dú)特的沿海地貌和優(yōu)越的自然環(huán)境，每年11月到次年4月，都有上萬(wàn)只天鵝飛臨這里棲息越冬。在眾多的天鵝湖中，最大的當(dāng)數(shù)成山衛(wèi)的馬山天鵝湖了。馬山天鵝湖是一個(gè)橢圓型的瀉湖，被長(zhǎng)5000多米、寬100多米的彎月形金色沙壩截取而成。水面面積5平方公里，湖內(nèi)水質(zhì)清潔明澈，域流寬敞，海水在湖中形成環(huán)流，海苔叢生，餌料豐富。周圍盡是綠樹與蘆葦，便于隱蔽，很得天鵝的青睞。每到冬季，蔚藍(lán)的海面上，潔白的大天鵝，或追逐嬉水，或引吭高歌，或凌空翱翔，或翩翩起舞，使人如臨仙境，如醉如癡。
　　
　　天鵝的家園
　　
　　在許許多多的湖泊、沿海地區(qū)，為什么偏偏有這么多大天鵝相中了榮成、而且數(shù)量呈每年遞增之勢(shì)呢？除了這里有著適宜天鵝生活的優(yōu)越自然環(huán)境外，顯然與榮成人良好的生態(tài)環(huán)保意識(shí)是分不開的。在榮成，我們耳聞目睹了許多保護(hù)環(huán)境、保護(hù)天鵝的動(dòng)人故事。
　　近年來(lái)，榮成市先后投資數(shù)十億元進(jìn)行城市建設(shè)，較好地改善了生態(tài)發(fā)展環(huán)境。在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中，凡是有污染的項(xiàng)目，不論效益好壞，都決不允許上馬，因環(huán)境因素先后拒批新上項(xiàng)目600多個(gè)。榮成市還利用市區(qū)西南200公頃蘆葦濕地，開發(fā)建設(shè)了集污水處理和保護(hù)生態(tài)于一體的城市污水穩(wěn)定塘――濕地復(fù)合系統(tǒng)處理工程，整個(gè)工程可達(dá)到2級(jí)處理程度，日處理污水能力達(dá)2萬(wàn)立方米，使城市污水經(jīng)處理變清后達(dá)標(biāo)排出入海，有效保護(hù)了當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)環(huán)境，水中生物和植物大量繁殖，生成了天鵝的美食大葉藻。每年都有大批天鵝及其他鳥類棲息在這里。為進(jìn)一步加大對(duì)大天鵝等野生動(dòng)物的保護(hù)力度，榮成市專門制定出臺(tái)了一系列保護(hù)制度和規(guī)定，爭(zhēng)取設(shè)立了省級(jí)大天鵝自然保護(hù)區(qū)、省級(jí)成山頭海洋生態(tài)自然保護(hù)區(qū)以及桑溝灣自然保護(hù)區(qū)，并成立了野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)。通過(guò)一系列行之有效的措施，為大天鵝等野生動(dòng)物創(chuàng)造了良好的生活環(huán)境。
　　
　　人與天鵝
　　
　　愛護(hù)天鵝、保護(hù)環(huán)境已成為榮成人的自覺行為，為天鵝投食、救助傷病天鵝、觀察研究、科學(xué)保護(hù)天鵝的事跡舉不勝舉。
　　退休教師李明偉義務(wù)觀察、保護(hù)天鵝20多年，自愿當(dāng)起“天鵝衛(wèi)士”，每天利用業(yè)余時(shí)間到湖泊、海邊、港口義務(wù)護(hù)理天鵝，被譽(yù)為“東方天鵝之父”。經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的觀察，他終于掌握了天鵝的生活習(xí)性和活動(dòng)規(guī)律。他撰寫的《天鵝越冬地的新發(fā)現(xiàn)》一文以確鑿的論證否定了以往天鵝冬季只在長(zhǎng)江以南棲息的結(jié)論，為開發(fā)榮成天鵝湖保護(hù)區(qū)提出了很好的建議，在全國(guó)多家報(bào)刊轉(zhuǎn)載，引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外專家學(xué)者的注意，很多鳥類專家慕名而來(lái)，天鵝湖終于為全國(guó)所矚目。李明偉還發(fā)起成立了天鵝義務(wù)保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)，成員既有老教師、離退休老干部，又有軍人、學(xué)生、個(gè)體工商戶，這是全國(guó)首家群眾性的天鵝義務(wù)保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)。
　　在李明偉先生的引導(dǎo)下，1975年當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裨瑢W(xué)順一家也加入了義務(wù)保護(hù)天鵝的隊(duì)伍，他的家則成了“家庭天鵝康復(fù)中心”，先后救護(hù)傷病天鵝300多只。2001年6月，在榮成市、新疆有關(guān)部門的支持下，袁學(xué)順不遠(yuǎn)萬(wàn)里將他救治的兩只天鵝帶到新疆巴音布魯克放飛，成為廣為傳頌的佳話。袁學(xué)順和李明偉的事跡多次在中央電視臺(tái)等各大媒體刊播。2003年11月，袁學(xué)順以其保護(hù)天鵝的動(dòng)人事跡走上人民大會(huì)堂領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)臺(tái)，獲得“福特汽車環(huán)保獎(jiǎng)”之一的“福特百年特別獎(jiǎng)――野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)”類別一等獎(jiǎng)。
　　優(yōu)越的生態(tài)環(huán)境，不僅使大天鵝鐘情天鵝湖，而且引來(lái)其他各種珍奇鳥類。每到冬季，上萬(wàn)只天鵝和丹頂鶴、鴛鴦、大雁、水鴨等數(shù)萬(wàn)只其它鳥類，相聚在榮成的馬山瀉湖、馬道河、桑溝灣、八河港、綠島湖等沿海天鵝湖，出現(xiàn)了仙子凌波、百鳥戲水的美麗景象。由于各種鳥類紛紛到來(lái)，如今的榮成天鵝湖已成了一年四季鳥語(yǔ)不斷的“百鳥湖”。
　　
　　Legend has it that when Qin Shihuang, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.), who united the warring states of China for the first time in history, came to Chengshantou, a scenic and cragged cape located in Rongcheng, he gave commands to move mountains to fill in the sea so as to construct bridge leading to the heavenly place where the elixir of life could be found.
　　He also ordered his wife to send his victuals to him whenever she heard the sound of a gong. One day, before noontime, some flying insects hit the gong and made it sound. Hearing that, his wife sent the dinner in a hurry. Upon seeing his wife sending him dinner before lunchtime, against his order, Qin was so angry that he ordered his wife to be killed. Qin’s wife feel so sad that she fell down in tears, which miraculously flowed and flowed, even from her decapitated body, turning eventually into a “Lake of Tears” on the low-lying area of the northern side of Mount Ma. The local people missed the kind and pretty wife of Qin, and tried to summon her pure spirit to come back to the mundane world. As a result of their fervent prayers, thousands of lovely white swans swarmed down from heaven to swim in the Lake of Tears, which was thereafter known as Swan Lake.
　　 In China, there are three kinds, the whooper swans, the tundra swans, and the mute swans, all of which are under grade two national protection. The Swan Lake in Rongcheng provides a suitable natural habitat mainly for the whooper swans, which are one highest flying birds in the world. With a large body about 140 cm long, whooper swans have pure white feathers and long, curved necks. They prefer to rest in large lakes, ponds, and marshes, where aquatic plants provide abundant food. Besides, whooper swan also eats aquatic insects and mollusks.
　　Roncheng City is located at the eastern tip of Shandong Peninsula, a temperate zone featuring the humid monsoon climate. Thanks to this special coastal geographical location and favorable natural environment, tens of thousands of swans reside here from November to April every year to escape the frigid winters further north.
　　But China has numerous lakes and coastal regions, so why do so many swans favor Rongcheng? In fact, why do they come in ever-increasing numbers year after year? Besides the outstanding natural environment that caters to the living habits of the swans, the environmental friendly consciousness of the people of Rongcheng plays an important role. In Rongcheng, we heard and witnessed many moving stories concerning environmental protection and living with the swans.
　　In recent years, Rongcheng City has invested more than ten billion yuan in urban construction, which has greatly improved the social and economic environment; but, throughout this time, all projects that might pollute the environment are prohibited, even though they could produce monetary profits. This “environmental consciousness” protects the local ecological balance, which in turn assures that aquatic animals and plants have a good environment to propagate, thus producing abundant food for the swans.
　　For more than 20 years, Mr. Li Mingwei, a retired teacher, has been engaged in the observation and protection of the swans. Every day, in his spare time, he went to the lake, coast, and port to take care of the swans. Through years of patient observation, Mr. Li has come to understand profoundly the living habits and migration laws of the swans. His thesis, New Discoveries of Winter Habitat, with much authentic evidence and painstaking documentation, denies the former theory that the swans in China live through the winter only at the places south of the Yangtze River, providing positive advice for Rongcheng to further develop the Swan Lake Protection Area.

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