英美文學(xué)常識(shí)

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2017-02-16 來(lái)源: 美文摘抄點(diǎn)擊：

英美文學(xué)常識(shí)篇一：英語(yǔ)專八-最全英美文學(xué)常識(shí)

英國(guó)文學(xué)(English Literature)

一、 Old and Medieval English Literature中古英語(yǔ)文學(xué) (8世紀(jì)-14世紀(jì))

1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英語(yǔ)時(shí)期 (449-1066)

a. pagan poetry(異教詩(shī)歌): Beowulf《貝奧武甫》- 最早的詩(shī)歌；長(zhǎng)詩(shī)(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities

the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善惡有報(bào)

b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凱德蒙 610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song

Cynewulf(基涅武甫 9C): The Christ

c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)

2) The Medieval Period 中世紀(jì) (1066-ca.1485 / 1500):

a. Romance 中世紀(jì)傳奇故事 (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄詩(shī)歌

無(wú)名詩(shī)人 - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士與綠色騎士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C, Age of Chaucer:

* Geoffrey Chaucer(喬叟 1340-1400): 文風(fēng)：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”; 首位用倫敦方言寫(xiě)作英國(guó)作家

The Canterbury Tales: pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日談》啟發(fā)

The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰羅曼史》(譯作)

* William Langland(朗蘭 1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社會(huì)抗議 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte d’Arthur《亞瑟王之死》- 圓桌騎士

二、The Renaissance Period英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興 (1500-1660): humanism 十四行詩(shī)，文藝復(fù)興，無(wú)韻詩(shī)，伊麗莎白戲劇

1) 詩(shī)歌 Hey Howard(霍華德 1516-1547)

a. Thomas Wyatt (懷亞特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature

b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士 1554-1586)：代表了當(dāng)時(shí)的理想 - “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《為詩(shī)辯護(hù)》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亞》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯賓塞 1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊麗莎白時(shí)代 - long allegorical romance文風(fēng)：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯賓塞詩(shī)體): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑揚(yáng)格) pentameter(五步詩(shī)),

and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步詩(shī)) line.

2) Prose 散文

a. Thomas More(莫爾 1478-1535): 歐洲早期空想社會(huì)主義創(chuàng)始人 Utopia《烏托邦》: More與海員的對(duì)話

b. John Lyly (黎里 1553-160，劇作家&小說(shuō)家)：Eupheus

Euphuism(夸飾文體): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(頭韻) and other artificial prosodic(韻律) means. The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisons

c. Francis Bacon (培根 1561-1626)：英國(guó)首位散文家，中世紀(jì)至現(xiàn)代歐洲時(shí)期; 近代唯物主義哲學(xué)奠基人和近代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)先驅(qū) the trumpeter of a new age; Essays(論說(shuō)文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic

3) 戲劇

a. Christopher Marlowe(馬洛 1564-1593): University Wits 大學(xué)才子派 Edward II；The Jew of Malta《馬耳他的猶太人》

first made blank verse(無(wú)韻詩(shī)：不押韻的五步詩(shī)) the principle instrument of English drama

The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲劇》：根據(jù)德國(guó)民間故事書(shū)寫(xiě)成; 完善了無(wú)韻體詩(shī)。

Tamburlaine the Great《帖木兒大帝》：殘酷而野心勃勃的帝王

b. William Shakespeare(劇作家&詩(shī)人, 1564-1616): 154 sonnets(十四行詩(shī)) + 37 plays + long poems; 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義創(chuàng)始人 16 comedies : Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia);The Taming of the Shrew《馴悍記》

A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream; As You Like It《皆大歡喜》; The Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors;

Much Ado About Nothing《無(wú)事生非》; The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》; All is Well that Ends Well《終成眷屬》

11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Macbeth《麥克白》; The Tempest《暴風(fēng)雨》

Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and Cyprus

King Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful

10 historical plays: Hey IV; Hey V

c. Ben Jonson(瓊生 1562-1637 詩(shī)人&劇作家&批評(píng)家): Comedy of Humors; Volpone《狐貍》; The Alchemist《煉金術(shù)士》

三、 17世紀(jì)文學(xué)

1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命時(shí)期: poetry (Metaphysical 玄學(xué)派+ Cavalier騎士派) a. John Donne(多恩 1572-1631)：玄學(xué)派創(chuàng)始人;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《臨別辭：莫悲傷》

文風(fēng)：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking – the conflict between body and soul

The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets（主題-愛(ài)）

b. John Milton(彌爾頓 1608-1674)：Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)

Paradise Regained《復(fù)樂(lè)園》; Paradise Lost《失樂(lè)園》: the greatest English epic; Satan is the hero

Samson Agonistes《力士參孫》：closet drama; for reading rather than performing;

On His Blindness《目盲自詠》; Areopagitica《論出版自由》; Comus; L’allegro《快樂(lè)的人》; Lycidas

c. John Bunyan(班揚(yáng) 1628-1688): prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文風(fēng)：simple and lively prose style

The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路歷程》: prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation 宗教寓言

“具有永恒意義的百科全書(shū)”，英國(guó)文學(xué)史上里程碑式著作。與但丁《神曲》、奧古斯丁《懺悔錄》并列世界三大宗教題材文學(xué)杰作。

2) Literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)王政復(fù)辟/德萊頓時(shí)期: tendancy to Realism and Formalism restoration literature: cliquish culture小集團(tuán)文化; French classical taste

a. John Dryden (德萊頓 1631-1700, 批評(píng)家&戲劇家)：first poet laureate(桂冠詩(shī)人); the father of English Criticism establish the heroic couplet(英雄史詩(shī)式兩行詩(shī)) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(說(shuō)教) and descriptive(描寫(xiě)) poetry

最先提出“玄學(xué)詩(shī)人”一詞；他創(chuàng)造的“英語(yǔ)雙韻體couplet”, 成為英國(guó)詩(shī)歌的主要形式之一。All for Love; Alexander’s Feast; An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《論戲劇詩(shī)歌》: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, 英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興&當(dāng)代法國(guó)

四、18世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué): Realism (關(guān)注社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀，普通人) The Neoclassical Period (17世紀(jì)中期-18世紀(jì))

~ Enlightenment (啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)): 18th C, 法國(guó)-西歐, a progressive intellectual movement. 文藝復(fù)興的衍伸；資本主義反對(duì)封建主義 Enlighten the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science ~ Neo-Classicism: 早期 (Addison, Steele and Pope); 中期 (Samuel Johnson) old classics

Conform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet(押韻的兩行詩(shī)) Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concern

a. Samuel Pepys(畢博思 1633-1703): The greatest diarist in 17th CThe Diary

b. Alexander Pope(蒲柏 1688-1744) : 新古典主義代表; master in satire and heroic couplet; Age of Pope – 18世紀(jì)初期文風(fēng)：詞句工整、精練、富有哲理；對(duì)Byron影響巨大 first introduced rationalism to England

An Essay on Criticism(處女作); An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock《奪發(fā)記》; Dunciad《愚人記》 c. Richard Steele (斯梯爾 1672-1729) & Joseph Addison (艾迪生 1672-1719): literary periodicals

The Tattler(閑談?wù)邎?bào)): 1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays; 抨擊封建偏見(jiàn)，傲慢的富人，及大眾對(duì)賭博和決斗的反感 The Spectator(旁觀者報(bào))：共同創(chuàng)辦；the Spectator Club --- 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)小說(shuō)先鋒

貢獻(xiàn)：資產(chǎn)階級(jí)新社會(huì)道德；18世紀(jì)英國(guó)社會(huì)真實(shí)寫(xiě)照；英語(yǔ)散文正式成為一大文學(xué)流派

d. Samuel Johnson (字典約翰 1709-1784) : literary dictator; “grand champion in literature of that age”

The Dictionary of the English Language: 英語(yǔ)字典的基礎(chǔ)；The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets

2) 十八世紀(jì)小說(shuō)的崛起: 首批英國(guó)小說(shuō)家 – the Sentimentalist & the Realist

* 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義

a. Daniel Defoe(笛福 1661-1731): 英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)奠基人; Father of English and European NovelsMoll Flanders

The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe:the first person singular

Crusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development.A Journal of the Plague Year b. Hey Fielding(菲爾丁 1707-1754, 小說(shuō)家&戲劇家): 英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父; 英國(guó)現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)創(chuàng)始人；comic epic in prose創(chuàng)始人文風(fēng)：exact study and observation of real life Joseph Andrews; Amelia

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《棄嬰湯姆·瓊斯的故事》: 18世紀(jì)英國(guó)群像；Mr. Allworthy“Prose Humor” c. Jonathan Swift(斯威夫特1667-1745, 政論家&諷刺小說(shuō)家): 偉大文學(xué)創(chuàng)造者之一；master of English satirical prose

文風(fēng)：simple, clear and vigor; “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style”

Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游記》: Liliput(小人國(guó)); Brogdingnagians(大人國(guó)); Laputa(勒普泰島); Houyhnhnms(慧馬國(guó)) The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal (bitter irony)

d. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771)：冒險(xiǎn)小說(shuō)

* Sentimentalism(感傷主義): It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt

towards the world’s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.

a. Samuel Richardson(理查森 1689-1761): the founder of the English domestic novel 小說(shuō)開(kāi)始審視“發(fā)生于內(nèi)心的東西” Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandison

b. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩 1713-1768)：Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy《項(xiàng)狄傳》- unusual and queer artistic form c. Oliver Goldsmith (戈德史密斯 1728-1774)：Romantic school; The Deserted Village《荒村》; She stoops to Conquer The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲爾德的牧師》：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction

3) Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism (前浪漫主義和感傷主義詩(shī)歌)：18世紀(jì)中期

a. James Thomson(湯姆森 1700-1748 蘇格蘭)：

The Seasons: theme - nature; blank verse； the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticism

b. Edward Young(楊 1683-1765)c. William Collins(柯林斯 1721-1759)：Ode to Evening《晚頌》

d. Thomas Gray(格雷 1716-1771)：sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt them Elergy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓園挽歌》；Ode on the Spring

e. William Blake(布萊克 1757-1827 浪漫派詩(shī)人、畫(huà)家、雕刻家)： symbolismThe Marriage of Heaven and HellSongs of Experience《經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌》: The Tiger; London; The Chimney-Sweeper《掃煙囪的孩子》世間的丑惡 Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》: The LambPoetical Sketches《素描詩(shī)集》

f. Robert Burns(彭斯 1759-1796 蘇格蘭)：the greatest songwriter; the national poet of Scotland; the people’s poet 文風(fēng)：lyrics on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Heart’s in the Highland

A Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang Syne《舊日美好時(shí)光》; For a’ That and a’ That《不管那一套》

4) 戲劇

a. John Gay(蓋伊 1685-1732): The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌劇》: one of the most conspicuous stage triumphs

b. Richard Brinsley Sheridan(謝立丹 1751-1816 喜劇作家)： tendency to Realism

the artificial comedy (風(fēng)俗喜劇) & anti-sentimental movement 頂峰 The Rivals《情敵》

The School for Scandal《造謠學(xué)�！罚篵est English comedy since Shakespeare

two brothers – Joseph/Charles surface;criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy

五、The Romantic Period英國(guó)浪漫主義文學(xué) (1798-1832) 女性小說(shuō)家涌現(xiàn)passion, emotion and natural beauty

It begins with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s joint work – Lyrical Ballads in 1798.

It ends with the death of Walter Scott in 1832.

~ The Poetic Revolution(1798-1837): Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats 反對(duì)新古典主義文學(xué)

1) 特點(diǎn)individuals

1. It is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom.

2. It returns to nature and to plain humanity for its material.

3. It is marked by renewed interest and medieval ideals and literature.

4. It is marked by intense human sympathy and by a consequent understanding of the human heart.

5. It is the expression of individual genius rather than established rules.

6. Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton are inspiration of the Romantic Movement.

2) 詩(shī)歌 – Lakers / Lake Poets (湖畔詩(shī)人, 第一代): Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey - worshipper of nature a. William Wordsworth (華茲華斯 1770-1850)：Poet Laureate

Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌謠集》：Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺雜詠》;

Lines Written in Early Spring英國(guó)浪漫主義開(kāi)端

The Prelude《序曲》； The Solitary Reaper《孤獨(dú)的割麥女》； I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；

Composed upon Westminster Bridge； Lucy Poems;My Heart Leaps Up;To the Cuckoo《致布谷鳥(niǎo)》

b. Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治 1772-1834)：poet and literary critic；Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》；Christabel； The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Lyrical Ballads)《古舟子詠》; The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底獄的倒塌》 c. Robert Southey(騷賽)：Joan of Arc《圣女貞德》

3) 詩(shī)歌 – 第二代詩(shī)人: 早熟、熱情而短命；against the bourgeois society and the ruling class; 自由至上

a. George Gordon Byron(拜倫 1788-1824)：lyrical poems deal with nature and loveCain《該隱》

Don Juan《唐璜》：西班牙貴族子弟周游各國(guó)，發(fā)生在18世紀(jì)后半葉。長(zhǎng)詩(shī)

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰爾德·哈羅爾德游記》: Childe是其詩(shī)歌中首位拜倫式英雄。長(zhǎng)詩(shī)

Byronic Heroes: 孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿反抗精神。內(nèi)心孤獨(dú)苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。

She Walks in Beauty; When We Two Parted; Hebrew Melodies《希伯來(lái)歌曲》

b. Percy Bysshe Shelley(雪萊 1792-1822)：love the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters

Queen Mab；The Revolt of Islam《伊斯蘭的反叛》； Adonais； A Defence of Poetry；The Necessity of Atheism(無(wú)神論) 詩(shī)�。篢he Cenci《欽契一家》；Promethus Unbound《解放了的普羅米修斯》(Greek mythology)

love lyrics: Ode To a Skylark《云雀頌》；Ode to the West Wind (冬天來(lái)了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎): swift, proud and wild的西風(fēng) c. John Keats (濟(jì)慈 1794-1821)：ode; “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” – leading principle Ode to Psyche《普賽克頌》His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness(知覺(jué)) and the perfection of form. Ode on Melancholy；Isabella Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale； Ode on a Grecian Urn《希臘古甕頌》

4) 散文: 19世紀(jì)早期，critical prose writing - Leigh Hunt, De Quincy

a. Charles Lamb(蘭姆 1774-1834 隨筆): nostalgia, humor, delicacy, personal and observations最佳散文家 Old China《古舊的瓷器》; Tales from Shakespeare(兒童文學(xué)); Essays of Elia(論說(shuō)文集)

b. William Hazlitt (哈茲利特 1778-1830): 犀利的文學(xué)批評(píng) -The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays

Lectures on the English Poets;Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen Elizabeth

My First Acquaintance with Poets;On Going a Journey《論出游》

5) 小說(shuō)

a. Walter Scott (司各特1771-1832): 西歐歷史小說(shuō)之父； the first novelist to recreate the past 浪漫主義向現(xiàn)實(shí)主義轉(zhuǎn)變 Waverley《威弗利》；Rob Roy《羅伯·羅伊》(蘇格蘭歷史)；Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》

b. Jane Austen(簡(jiǎn)奧斯丁 1775-1817)：humor, wit and delicate satire; true to life

首位女作家，以特有的敏銳和細(xì)膩刻畫(huà)英國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的生活和思想。預(yù)示現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)崛起Northanger Abbey《諾桑覺(jué)寺》 Sense and Sensibility；Pride and Prejudice；Emma； Persuasion《勸導(dǎo)》; Mansfield Park《曼斯菲爾德莊園》c. Mary Shelly (雪莉)：Frankenstein

六、The Victorian Period維多利亞時(shí)期 (1832-1901) Critical Realism 批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義- novel poetry/prose

Full and detailed representation of social and political events, and the fate of common people and of whole social class

1) 小說(shuō)

a. Charles Dickens(狄更斯 1812-1870): 小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)知識(shí)分子 humoritst, satirist

With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people. Bleak Hous《荒涼山莊》；Hard Times《艱難時(shí)世》；A Christmas Carol《圣誕頌歌》

~ 1st Period (1836-1841): youthful optimism - The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》; Oliver Twist《霧都孤兒》 The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外傳》：退休商人Pickwick冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷 - 18世紀(jì)早期的英國(guó)的小資們 petty-bourgeoisie ~ 2nd Period(1842-): excitement and irritation David Copperfield;Dombey and Son《董貝父子》 ~ 3rd Period: intensifying pessimism Great Expectations《遠(yuǎn)大前程》

A Tale of Two Cities: 革命主題 – 法國(guó)革命中的巴黎與倫敦Dr. Manette - Lucie&Darnay, Defarge, Sidney Carton b. The Bronte Sisters

Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855): Jane Eyre(Mr. Rochester); Shirley《雪莉》

Emily Bronte (1818-1848): Wuthering Heights (Heathcliff & Catherine) – 資本主義社會(huì)婚姻制度

Anne Bronte(1820-1849): Agnes Grey

c. Mrs. Gaskell (蓋斯凱爾夫人 1810-1865): Life of Charlotte Bronte – 英國(guó)最佳傳記

Mary Barton《瑪麗· 巴頓》：the class struggle between the workers and the capitalists

d. George Elliot(艾略特 1819-1880 女作家): 田園生活，道德問(wèn)題，心理描寫(xiě) Silas Marner《織工馬南》文風(fēng)：rich humor and keen observation, very philosophicalAdam Bede：Adam愛(ài)上變心女 The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom & Maggie； Middlemarch, a Study of Provincial Life《米德?tīng)栺R契》 e. William Makepeace Thackeray(薩克雷 1811-1863): Vanity Fair/ A Novel without a Hero《名利場(chǎng)》 f. Thomas Hardy(哈代 1840-1928 詩(shī)人&小說(shuō)家): 多以農(nóng)村生活為背景；自然主義小說(shuō)家。the Wessex novels(虛構(gòu)地點(diǎn)) Under the Greenwood Tree《綠蔭下》； The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng)》；The Return of the Native《還鄉(xiāng)》 Far from the Madding Crowd《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》； Jude the Obscure《無(wú)名的裘德》

Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔絲》: Tess & Angel Clare – 人無(wú)法掌控自己的命運(yùn)

g. Robert Stevenson(史蒂文森 1850-1894): Treasure Island《金銀島》;Kidnapped

h. William Morris(莫里斯): The Earthly Pradise; Pilgrims of Hope《希望的探求者》

2) 詩(shī)歌: optimism and progressive vitality

a. Alfred Tennyson(丁尼生 1809-1902)：維多利亞時(shí)代最具代表性的詩(shī)人Poet LaureateIn Memoriam《悼念》sounds and rhythms; evoking moods; linking descriptions of nature to the state of minds Poems by Two Brothers The Princess; Maud; Break, Break, Break《拍岸曲》；The Idylls of the King《國(guó)王敘事詩(shī)》; Ulysses《尤利西斯》 b. Th(來(lái)自:www.zuancaijixie.com 蒲公英文摘:英美文學(xué)常識(shí))e Brownings 布朗寧夫婦Robert/Elizabeth Browning The Ring and the Book; Sonnets from the Portuguese ~ Robert Browning(1812-1889)：dramatic monologues; realistic; optimistic; believed in the progress of mankind Men and Women(詩(shī)集)； My Last Duchess《我的前公爵夫人》；Meeting at Night； Home Thoughts, from Abroad

3) 散文

a. Thomas Carlyle(卡萊爾 1795-1881 歷史學(xué)家): The French Revolution – 起因(the worker’s miserable living condition)b. John Ruskin(作家&藝術(shù)評(píng)論家): 其社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念對(duì)William Morris, Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw & D. H. Lawrence影響巨大

Modern Painters; The Seven Lamps of Architecture; Unto this Last; Sesame and Lilies

c. Matthew Arnold(阿諾德 1822-1888): Dover Beach《多弗爾海灘》

4) 無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)文學(xué) a. Ernest Jones(瓊斯 1819-1869): the Chartist poets(憲章派詩(shī)人)

b. William Morris(莫里斯 1834-1896): the first socialist writer

5) 19世紀(jì)末期文學(xué)趨勢(shì)

a. Naturalism: 19世紀(jì)后半期，從現(xiàn)實(shí)主義發(fā)展而來(lái)；subjective and somber - 達(dá)爾文 Emile Zola & George Gissingb. New-Romanticism: oppose the idea that art reflects life reality – Stevenson (蘇格蘭小說(shuō)家)

c. Aestheticism(唯美主義): art is self-sufficient and has no reference to life – 在詩(shī)歌中傾向于withdrawal or aversiond. Descadence(頹廢派文藝): the crisis of bourgeois culture; opposes the democratic and socialist ideals; “art for art’s sake” ~ Oscar Wilde(王爾德 1854-1900): Aestheticism and Decadence - An Ideal Husband; A Woman of No Importance; The Picture of Dorian Grey; The Happy Prince and Other Tales ; Salome《莎樂(lè)美》

Lady Windermere’s Fan《溫德米爾夫人的扇子》；The Importance of Being Earnest《認(rèn)真的重要》

英美文學(xué)常識(shí)篇二：英美文學(xué)常識(shí)

外國(guó)文學(xué) 一、填空 1

程碑�！渡袂贩譃椤兜鬲z》、《煉獄》、《天堂》三部分，每部33歌，加上序曲共100歌。作品這種這種結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)自“三位一體”的神學(xué)概念。

3、公元前12世紀(jì)至公元前8世紀(jì)，史稱或者。

主要成6世紀(jì)（確切時(shí)代）：

主要成4世紀(jì)主要成就：

4世紀(jì)至公元前2世紀(jì)中葉主要體裁：

802行，是古希臘流傳下來(lái)的第一

著作：《理

105部喜劇。重視人物性格，結(jié)

黑格爾熱情洋溢的稱《荷馬史詩(shī)》創(chuàng)造了西方文學(xué)史上的第一個(gè)真正的人——

“羅馬文學(xué)之父”

1世紀(jì)羅馬首屈一指的政治

——175

50——前15

59——17）這時(shí)期最重要的散文作家。《羅馬史》。但丁稱

主要包括

5至10

世紀(jì)，是歐洲唯一的書(shū)面文學(xué)。

——1321）意大利從中世紀(jì)向文藝復(fù)興過(guò)渡時(shí)期最有代

），晚期代表作家，歐洲近代散文的創(chuàng)始人代表作《隨

——

1635

作，提出詩(shī)歌即創(chuàng)作的觀點(diǎn)。代表作《十日談》：意大利文藝復(fù)興抨擊教會(huì)文學(xué)，從文學(xué)角度而言直接影響后世歐洲文學(xué)發(fā)展�！洞篪f》夢(mèng)幻形式貶斥女人是

《巨人傳》

是拉伯雷用一生心血寫(xiě)成的作品，也是他唯一的一部作品。

5657、1595《威尼斯商人》的一部反封建的愛(ài)情悲劇。

《奧賽羅》在莎士比亞戲劇中結(jié)構(gòu)最完美，素以“精

“詩(shī)

作品，使用的文字主要是拉丁文、希臘文和教會(huì)斯拉夫文�；疚膶W(xué)體裁有基督故事、圣徒傳、禱告文、贊美詩(shī)、宗教敘事詩(shī)、宗教戲劇等。教會(huì)文學(xué)題材大多取材于《圣經(jīng)》，描寫(xiě)上帝萬(wàn)能、圣母奇跡、圣徒布道和信徒苦修等，目的是宣傳宗教教義，鼓吹禁欲主義和來(lái)世思想，用以誘惑欺騙被壓迫、受剝削的人民，維護(hù)封建

主階級(jí)和教會(huì)勢(shì)力的血腥統(tǒng)治。多采用夢(mèng)幻故事的形式和寓意性象征性的表現(xiàn)手法

文學(xué)體裁，內(nèi)容為民間傳說(shuō)或歌頌英雄功績(jī)的長(zhǎng)篇敘事詩(shī)，它

民族、宗教或傳說(shuō)。

要成就。盛行于十一至十三世紀(jì)西歐封建制度鞏固繁榮的時(shí)期，反映了騎士階層的

生活理想。主要內(nèi)容是歌頌騎士對(duì)封建領(lǐng)主的效忠、對(duì)封建貴婦人的“典雅愛(ài)情”，也描寫(xiě)騎士行俠仗義的活動(dòng)。它所表現(xiàn)的對(duì)塵世生活的欲望和向往，與基督教所宣揚(yáng)的禁欲主義和出世思想是不兼容的，對(duì)統(tǒng)治著中世紀(jì)的宗教世界觀有一定程度的叛離。但是作為貴族文學(xué)，他所向往和贊美的世俗生活，充分的反映了封建統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的懶散怠惰、腐朽享樂(lè)的本質(zhì)，其中的“典雅愛(ài)情”也是對(duì)貴族階級(jí)淫亂

為特魯巴杜爾（或行吟詩(shī)人），多數(shù)是封建主和騎士，也有少數(shù)手工藝人和農(nóng)民，他們的名字流傳下來(lái)的有數(shù)百之多，但作品保存下來(lái)的很少，其最普遍的主題就是謳歌騎士之愛(ài)，主要包括：破曉歌、關(guān)于“典雅愛(ài)情”的辯論詩(shī)以及情歌、夜歌、情、榮譽(yù)和宗教，表現(xiàn)出一種冒險(xiǎn)游俠精神。騎士敘事詩(shī)是一種長(zhǎng)篇敘事詩(shī)，一般長(zhǎng)約數(shù)千行，也有逾萬(wàn)行的，最常見(jiàn)的是八音節(jié)詩(shī)體，每?jī)尚醒阂豁�，自十二世紀(jì)中葉在法國(guó)北方出現(xiàn)，到十三世紀(jì)中葉盛極一時(shí)，影響所及，達(dá)到歐洲許多國(guó)家。

不同于英雄史詩(shī)，它沒(méi)有歷史事實(shí)根據(jù)，而是出自詩(shī)人的虛構(gòu)。按題材分為三個(gè)系統(tǒng)：古代系統(tǒng)、不列顛系統(tǒng)、拜占庭系統(tǒng)。

拜占庭系統(tǒng)：《弗洛阿和白朗希芙勒》《奧迦生與尼雷特》

題，肯定市民的進(jìn)取精神，歌頌市民的聰明智慧，批判基督教會(huì)，批判封建統(tǒng)治階級(jí)，具有強(qiáng)烈的現(xiàn)實(shí)性。

17世紀(jì)初，歐洲新興的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)思想家打著恢復(fù)古代希臘羅馬文化的旗號(hào)，在思想文化領(lǐng)域所進(jìn)行的一場(chǎng)大規(guī)模的反封建、反教會(huì)的思想文化解

放運(yùn)動(dòng)，它是歐洲歷史上一個(gè)特殊階段，也是人類歷史偉大的變革時(shí)期，對(duì)歐洲乃至整個(gè)人類社會(huì)歷史的發(fā)展，產(chǎn)生了極其重大而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

文藝復(fù)興的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力是尋找一種與經(jīng)濟(jì)相合適的精神需求，在思想文化領(lǐng)域所

傾向上說(shuō)，主人公大多為無(wú)業(yè)游民，作品在描寫(xiě)他們不幸命運(yùn)的同時(shí)，也描寫(xiě)了主人公為生活所逼迫而進(jìn)行的欺騙、偷竊和各種惡作劇，表現(xiàn)了不幸者的消極反抗情緒；從取材方面看，基本取材于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，特別是城市平民生活；從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，以主人公活動(dòng)為線索，按主人公活動(dòng)的足跡，通過(guò)主人公的親身經(jīng)歷和所見(jiàn)所聞來(lái)安排各種生活場(chǎng)景。

代表作：無(wú)名氏《小癩子》

人文主義思想，學(xué)識(shí)淵博，在戲劇創(chuàng)作上頗有創(chuàng)作。代表人物有：約翰·李利、羅伯特·格林、托馬斯·基德、克里斯多夫·馬洛。其中馬洛的成就最突出，著名作

詞，指長(zhǎng)篇英雄故事或?qū)懠易迮d衰的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)，包括歷史、英雄傳說(shuō)、王朝史話、家族史話等，代表作《佛爾松薩迦》

北歐的傳說(shuō)主要包括家族和英雄傳說(shuō)，它基本收集在一部名為《薩迦》的集子中�！八_迦”意為“話語(yǔ)”，實(shí)際是一種短故事。它是13世紀(jì)前后被冰島和挪威人用文字記載的古代民間口傳故事，包括神話和歷史傳奇，它主要反映了古代斯堪的納維亞人戰(zhàn)天斗地的事跡，表現(xiàn)氏族社會(huì)的生活、宗教信仰、精神風(fēng)貌等，歌頌貴族英雄人物，有些內(nèi)容還有傳記，族譜和地方志的特點(diǎn)，這種文學(xué)風(fēng)格同“埃達(dá)”神話文學(xué)一樣對(duì)北歐和西方文學(xué)有很大影響。流傳至今的“薩迦”不下于150種,大致可分為“史傳薩迦”和“神話薩迦”兩大類�！笆穫魉_迦”亦稱“家族薩迦”，主要作品有《定居記》和《冰島人薩迦》。薩迦”的語(yǔ)言樸實(shí)無(wú)華,但多諷刺;不堆砌詞藻,以對(duì)話取勝。通過(guò)人物語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)性格特征,往往恰到好處。作者常用“欲張故弛”的手法,在聽(tīng)眾中造成懸念,以加強(qiáng)講述的效果�！八_迦文學(xué)”的缺點(diǎn)是:它的內(nèi)容幾乎是以氏族之間的仇殺為主,題材過(guò)于單調(diào),而又頭緒紛繁,結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)于松散。

三、簡(jiǎn)答

（

1）、古希臘文學(xué)有著鮮明的人本色彩和命運(yùn)觀念。

（2）、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和浪漫主義并存。

英美文學(xué)常識(shí)篇三：英語(yǔ)專八英美文學(xué)常識(shí)