英語英美文學

英語英美文學篇一：中英對照英美文學知識大全

英語英美文學篇二：英美文學術(shù)語(英文版) literary terms

英國文學

Alliteration: 押頭韻 repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母）

Allegory: 寓言 a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.

Allusion: 典故 a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype: 原型

Irony: 反諷 intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated

Black humor: 黑色幽默

Metaphor: 暗喻

Ballad: 民謠 about the folk loge

Epic: 史詩 in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.

Romance: 羅曼史/騎士文學 is a popular literary form in the medieval England./Chivalry

Euphuism: 夸飾文體 This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.

Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯賓塞詩節(jié)新詩體，每一節(jié)有9排，前8排是抑揚格五步格詩，第9排是抑揚格六步格詩。The Faerie Queene

Conceit: 奇特的比喻 is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. 不像的事物

Sonnet: 十四行詩 a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.

Blank verse: 無韻體詩 written in uhymed iambic pentameter.

Elegy 挽歌

The Heroic Couplet: 英雄對偶句

Lyric: 抒情詩 is a short poem that expresses the poet’s thoughts and emotion or illustrates some life principle. often concerns love. A red, red Rose.

Byronic Hero: refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.

Stream of Consciousness: 意識流 the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique.

Renaissance: 文藝復興 14-15th, originated in Italy, encouraged the reformation of the Church and humanism. Humanism: 人文主義 it is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.

Metaphysical poetry: 玄學派詩歌it is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With the rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple. John Donne, George Herbert.

The Enlightenment Movement: 啟蒙運動 18th century flourished in France. Enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. reason, rationality, equality and science and universal education. John Dryden, Alexander Pope.

Neoclassicism: 新古典主義17-18th centuries of classical standards of standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson.

Sentimentalism: 感傷主義 18世紀60-80年代，came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence.

The Graveyard School: 墓畔派 whose poems are mostly devote to sentimental lamentations or meditation on

life, past and present, with death and graveyard as theme.

Romanticism: 浪漫主義 mid-18th century, strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism. romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.

Lake Poets: 湖畔派詩人 refers to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District.

Critical Realism: 批判現(xiàn)實主義

? applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

? criticize capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint but did not find a way to eradicate social evils. ? concerned about the fate of common people and described what was faithful to reality.

? Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.

Modernism: 現(xiàn)代主義 began in the late 19th century and flourish until 1950. concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner world of an individual.

美國文學

American Puritanism: 清教徒主義 accept the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement.

American Romanticism: 美國浪漫主義

? subjectivity 主觀性 emphasis on individualism—personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness? back to medi

eval, esp medieval folk literature

? back to nature 回歸自然

Transcendentalism: 超驗主義

? Began in New England around 1830, spokesman was R. W. Emerson, man’s capacity of knowing truth

intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach the traditional five senses, he can also learn spontaneously, out of his soul or instincts.

? Four sources: Unitarianism, Romantic Idealism, Oriental mysticism, puritanism.

Free Verse: 自由詩體 has no regular rhythm or line length and depends on natural speech rhythms… American Realism: Actualities of everyday life, moral and social effects of writing. It concerns for common place and the low, offers an objective view. three dominant figures, Howells, Mark Twain, and Hey James. Local Color: Speech and customs peculiar to one particular place, an indigenous and distinctive little world. Hamlin Garland, Willa Cather, and Sarah Orne Jewette are three representatives.

American Naturalism: is evolved from realism when the author’s tome in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.

Imagism: 意象派

? It was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature ”haiku”.

? An image is defined by Pound. 強調(diào)詩要具體，避免抽象，意向比喻要非常準確。

The Lost Generation: Got the name in the 1920s. Gertrude Stein used it to refer those young American expatriates who had traumatic war experience, strong sense of loss, confusion and despair after the first World War. Pound, Hemingway, Fitzgerald are the representatives.

The Harlem Renaissance: In the 1920s in America, there was an upsurge of Black literature, popularly known as the “Harlem Renaissance”, out of which such eminent literary figures as Langston Hughes grew. He and other black playwrights, poets and novelists presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way for the emergence of black writers after mid-20th century.

Black humor: Baleful, naive, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world play out their roles in a “tragic farce,” in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Examples are Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (1961), and Thomas Pynchon’s V (1963)

英語英美文學篇三：英語專八-最全英美文學常識

英國文學(English Literature)

一、 Old and Medieval English Literature中古英語文學 (8世紀-14世紀)

1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英語時期 (449-1066)

a. pagan poetry(異教詩歌): Beowulf《貝奧武甫》- 最早的詩歌；長詩(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities

the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善惡有報

b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凱德蒙 610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song

Cynewulf(基涅武甫 9C): The Christ

c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)

2) The Medieval Period 中世紀 (1066-ca.1485 / 1500):

a. Romance 中世紀傳奇故事 (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄詩歌

無名詩人 - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士與綠色騎士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C, Age of Chaucer:

* Geoffrey Chaucer(喬叟 1340-1400): 文風：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”; 首位用倫敦方言寫作英國作家

The Canterbury Tales: pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日談》啟發(fā)

The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰羅曼史》(譯作)

* William Langland(朗蘭 1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社會抗議 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte d’Arthur《亞瑟王之死》- 圓桌騎士

二、The Renaissance Period英國文藝復興 (1500-1660): humanism 十四行詩，文藝復興，無韻詩，伊麗莎白戲劇

1) 詩歌 Hey Howard(霍華德 1516-1547)

a. Thomas Wyatt (懷亞特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature

b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士 1554-1586)：代表了當時的理想 - “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《為詩辯護》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亞》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯賓塞 1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊麗莎白時代 - long allegorical romance文風：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯賓塞詩體): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑揚格) pentameter(五步詩),

and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步詩) line.

2) Prose 散文

a. Thomas More(莫爾 1478-1535): 歐洲早期空想社會主義創(chuàng)始人 Utopia《烏托邦》: More與海員的對話

b. John Lyly (黎里 1553-160，劇作家&小說家)：Eupheus

Euphuism(夸飾文體): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(頭韻) and other artificial prosodic(韻律) means. The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisons

c. Francis Bacon (培根 1561-1626)：英國首位散文家，中世紀至現(xiàn)代歐洲時期; 近代唯物主義哲學奠基人和近代實驗科學先驅(qū) the trumpeter of a new age; Essays(論說文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic

3) 戲劇

a. Christopher Marlowe(馬洛 1564-1593): University Wits 大學才子派 Edward II；The Jew of Malta《馬耳他的猶太人》

first made blank verse(無韻詩：不押韻的五步詩) the principle instrument of English drama

The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲劇》：根據(jù)德國民間故事書寫成; 完善了無韻體詩。

Tamburlaine the Great《帖木兒大帝》：殘酷而野心勃勃的帝王

b. William Shakespeare(劇作家&詩人, 1564-1616): 154 sonnets(十四行詩) + 37 plays + long poems; 現(xiàn)實主義創(chuàng)始人 16 comedies : Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia);The Taming of the Shrew《馴悍記》

A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream; As You Like It《皆大歡喜》; The Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors;

Much Ado About Nothing《無事生非》; The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》; All is Well that Ends Well《終成眷屬》

11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Macbeth《麥克白》; The Tempest《暴風雨》

Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and Cyprus

King Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful

10 historical plays: Hey IV; Hey V

c. Ben Jonson(瓊生 1562-1637 詩人&劇作家&批評家): Comedy of Humors; Volpone《狐貍》; The Alchemist《煉金術(shù)士》

三、 17世紀文學

1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)資產(chǎn)階級革命時期: poetry (Metaphysical 玄學派+ Cavalier騎士派) a. John Donne(多恩 1572-1631)：玄學派創(chuàng)始人;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《臨別辭：莫悲傷》

文風：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking – the conflict between body and soul

The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets（主題-愛）

b. John Milton(彌爾頓 1608-1674)：Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)

Paradise Regained《復樂園》; Paradise Lost《失樂園》: the greatest English epic; Satan is the hero

Samson Agonistes《力士參孫》：closet drama; for reading rather than performing;

On His Blindness《目盲自詠》; Areopagitica《論出版自由》; Comus; L’allegro《快樂的人》; Lycidas

c. John Bunyan(班揚 1628-1688): prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文風：simple and lively prose style

The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路歷程》: prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation 宗教寓言

“具有永恒意義的百科全書”，英國文學史上里程碑式著作。與但丁《神曲》、奧古斯丁《懺悔錄》并列世界三大宗教題材文學杰作。

2) Literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)王政復辟/德萊頓時期: tendancy to Realism and Formalism restoration literature: cliquish culture小集團文化; French classical taste

a. John Dryden (德萊頓 1631-1700, 批評家&戲劇家)：first poet laureate(桂冠詩人); the father of English Criticism establish the heroic couplet(英雄史詩式兩行詩) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(說教) and descriptive(描寫) poetry

最先提出“玄學詩人”一詞；他創(chuàng)造的“英語雙韻體couplet”, 成為英國詩歌的主要形式之一。All for Love; Alexander’s Feast; An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《論戲劇詩歌》: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, 英國文藝復興&當代法國

四、18世紀英國文學: Realism (關(guān)注社會現(xiàn)狀，普通人) The Neoclassical Period (17世紀中期-18世紀)

~ Enlightenment (啟蒙運動): 18th C, 法國-西歐, a progressive intellectual movement. 文藝復興的衍伸；資本主義反對封建主義 Enlighten the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science ~ Neo-Classicism: 早期 (Addison, Steele and Pope); 中期 (Samuel Johnson) old classics

Conform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet(押韻的兩行詩) Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concern

a. Samuel Pepys(畢博思 1633-1703): The greatest diarist in 17th CThe Diary

b. Alexander Pope(蒲柏 1688-1744) : 新古典主義代表; master in satire and heroic couplet; Age of Pope – 18世紀初期 文風：詞句工整、精練、富有哲理；對Byron影響巨大 first introduced rationalism to England

An Essay on Criticism(處女作); An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock《奪發(fā)記》; Dunciad《愚人記》 c. Richard Steele (斯梯爾 1672-1729) & Joseph Addison (艾迪生 1672-1719): literary periodicals

The Tattler(閑談?wù)邎?: 1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays; 抨擊封建偏見，傲慢的富人，及大眾對賭博和決斗的反感 The Spectator(旁觀者報)：共同創(chuàng)辦；the Spectator Club --- 現(xiàn)代英語小說先鋒

貢獻：資產(chǎn)階級新社會道德；18世紀英國社會真實寫照；英語散文正式成為一大文學流派

d. Samuel Johnson (字典約翰 1709-1784) : literary dictator; “grand champion in literature of that age”

The Dictionary of the English Language: 英語字典的基礎(chǔ)；The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets

2) 十八世紀小說的崛起: 首批英國小說家 – the Sentimentalist & the Realist

* 現(xiàn)實主義

a. Daniel Defoe(笛福 1661-1731): 英國現(xiàn)實主義小說奠基人; Father of English and European NovelsMoll Flanders

The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe:the first person singular

Crusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development.A Journal of the Plague Year b. Hey Fielding(菲爾丁 1707-1754, 小說家&戲劇家): 英國小說之父; 英國現(xiàn)代小說創(chuàng)始人；comic epic in prose創(chuàng)始人 文風：exact study and observation of real life Joseph Andrews; Amelia

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《棄嬰湯姆·瓊斯的故事》: 18世紀英國群像；Mr. Allworthy“Prose Humor” c. Jonathan Swift(斯威夫特1667-1745, 政論家&諷刺小說家): 偉大文學創(chuàng)造者之一；master of English satirical prose

文風：simple, clear and vigor; “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style”

Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游記》: Liliput(小人國); Brogdingnagians(大人國); Laputa(勒普泰島); Houyhnhnms(慧馬國) The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal (bitter irony)

d. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771)：冒險小說

* Sentimentalism(感傷主義): It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt

towards the world’s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.

a. Samuel Richardson(理查森 1689-1761): the founder of the English domestic novel 小說開始審視“發(fā)生于內(nèi)心的東西” Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandison

b. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩 1713-1768)：Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy《項狄傳》- unusual and queer artistic form c. Oliver Goldsmith (戈德史密斯 1728-1774)：Romantic school; The Deserted Village《荒村》; She stoops to Conquer The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲爾德的牧師》：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction

3) Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism (前浪漫主義和感傷主義詩歌)：18世紀中期

a. James Thomson(湯姆森 1700-1748 蘇格蘭)：

The Seasons: theme - nature; blank verse； the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticism

b. Edward Young(楊 1683-1765)c. William Collins(柯林斯 1721-1759)：Ode to Evening《晚頌》

d. Thomas Gray(格雷 1716-1771)：sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt them Elergy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓園挽歌》；Ode on the Spring

e. William Blake(布萊克 1757-1827 浪漫派詩人、畫家、雕刻家)： symbolismThe Marriage of Heaven and HellSongs of Experience《經(jīng)驗之歌》: The Tiger; London; The Chimney-Sweeper《掃煙囪的孩子》 世間的丑惡 Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》: The LambPoetical Sketches《素描詩集》

f. Robert Burns(彭斯 1759-1796 蘇格蘭)：the greatest songwriter; the national poet of Scotland; the people’s poet 文風：lyrics on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Heart’s in the Highland

A Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang Syne《舊日美好時光》; For a’ That and a’ That《不管那一套》

4) 戲劇

a. John Gay(蓋伊 1685-1732): The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌劇》: one of the most conspicuous stage triumphs

b. Richard Brinsley Sheridan(謝立丹 1751-1816 喜劇作家)： tendency to Realism

the artificial comedy (風俗喜劇) & anti-sentimental movement 頂峰 The Rivals《情敵》

The School for Scandal《造謠學校》：best English comedy since Shakespeare

two brothers – Joseph/Charles surface;criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy

五、The Romantic Period英國浪漫主義文學 (1798-1832) 女性小說家涌現(xiàn)passion, emotion and natural beauty

It begins with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s joint work – Lyrical Ballads in 1798.

It ends with the death of Walter Scott in 1832.

~ The Poetic Revolution(1798-1837): Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats 反對新古典主義文學

1) 特點individuals

1. It is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom.

2. It returns to nature and to plain humanity for its material.

3. It is marked by renewed interest and medieval ideals and literature.

4. It is marked by intense human sympathy and by a consequent understanding of the human heart.

5. It is the expression of individual genius rather than established rules.

6. Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton are inspiration of the Romantic Movement.

2) 詩歌 – Lakers / Lake Poets (湖畔詩人, 第一代): Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey - worshipper of nature a. William Wordsworth (華茲華斯 1770-1850)：Poet Laureate

Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌謠集》：Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺雜詠》;

Lines Written in Early Spring英國浪漫主義開端

The Prelude《序曲》； The Solitary Reaper《孤獨的割麥女》； I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；

Composed upon Westminster Bridge； Lucy Poems;My Heart Leaps Up;To the Cuckoo《致布谷鳥》

b. Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治 1772-1834)：poet and literary critic；Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》；Christabel； The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Lyrical Ballads)《古舟子詠》; The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底獄的倒塌》 c. Robert Southey(騷賽)：Joan of Arc《圣女貞德》

3) 詩歌 – 第二代詩人: 早熟、熱情而短命；against the bourgeois society and the ruling class; 自由至上

a. George Gordon Byron(拜倫 1788-1824)：lyrical poems deal with nature and loveCain《該隱》

Don Juan《唐璜》：西班牙貴族子弟周游各國，發(fā)生在18世紀后半葉。長詩

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰爾德·哈羅爾德游記》: Childe是其詩歌中首位拜倫式英雄。長詩

Byronic Heroes: 孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿反抗精神。內(nèi)心孤獨苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。

She Walks in Beauty; When We Two Parted; Hebrew Melodies《希伯來歌曲》

b. Percy Bysshe Shelley(雪萊 1792-1822)：love the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters

Queen Mab；The Revolt of Islam《伊斯蘭的反叛》； Adonais； A Defence of Poetry；The Necessity of Atheism(無神論) 詩�。篢he Cenci《欽契一家》；Promethus Unbound《解放了的普羅米修斯》(Greek mythology)

love lyrics: Ode To a Skylark《云雀頌》；Ode to the West Wind (冬天來了，春天還會遠嗎): swift, proud and wild的西風 c. John Keats (濟慈 1794-1821)：ode; “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” – leading principle Ode to Psyche《普賽克頌》His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness(知覺) and the perfection of form. Ode on Melancholy；Isabella Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale； Ode on a Grecian Urn《希臘古甕頌》

4) 散文: 19世紀早期，critical prose writing - Leigh Hunt, De Quincy

a. Charles Lamb(蘭姆 1774-1834 隨筆): nostalgia, humor, delicacy, personal and observations最佳散文家 Old China《古舊的瓷器》; Tales from Shakespeare(兒童文學); Essays of Elia(論說文集)

b. William Hazlitt (哈茲利特 1778-1830): 犀利的文學批評 -The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays

Lectures on the English Poets;Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen Elizabeth

My First Acquaintance with Poets;On Going a Journey《論出游》

5) 小說

a. Walter Scott (司各特1771-1832): 西歐歷史小說之父； the first novelist to recreate the past 浪漫主義向現(xiàn)實主義轉(zhuǎn)變 Waverley《威弗利》；Rob Roy《羅伯·羅伊》(蘇格蘭歷史)；Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》

b. Jane Austen(簡奧斯丁 1775-1817)：humor, wit and delicate satire; true to life

首位女作家，以特有的敏銳和細膩刻畫英國鄉(xiāng)村中產(chǎn)階級的生活和思想。預示現(xiàn)實主義小說崛起Northanger Abbey《諾桑覺寺》 Sense and Sensibility；Pride and Prejudice；Emma； Persuasion《勸導》; Mansfield Park《曼斯菲爾德莊園》c. Mary Shelly (雪莉)：Frankenstein

六、The Victorian Period維多利亞時期 (1832-1901) Critical Realism 批判現(xiàn)實主義- novel poetry/prose

Full and detailed representation of social and political events, and the fate of common people and of whole social class

1) 小說

a. Charles Dickens(狄更斯 1812-1870): 小資產(chǎn)階級知識分子 humoritst, satirist

With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people. Bleak Hous《荒涼山莊》；Hard Times《艱難時世》；A Christmas Carol《圣誕頌歌》

~ 1st Period (1836-1841): youthful optimism - The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》; Oliver Twist《霧都孤兒》 The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外傳》：退休商人Pickwick冒險經(jīng)歷 - 18世紀早期的英國的小資們 petty-bourgeoisie ~ 2nd Period(1842-): excitement and irritation David Copperfield;Dombey and Son《董貝父子》 ~ 3rd Period: intensifying pessimism Great Expectations《遠大前程》

A Tale of Two Cities: 革命主題 – 法國革命中的巴黎與倫敦Dr. Manette - Lucie&Darnay, Defarge, Sidney Carton b. The Bronte Sisters

Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855): Jane Eyre(Mr. Rochester); Shirley《雪莉》

Emily Bronte (1818-1848): Wuthering Heights (Heathcliff & Catherine) – 資本主義社會婚姻制度

Anne Bronte(1820-1849): Agnes Grey

c. Mrs. Gaskell (蓋斯凱爾夫人 1810-1865): Life of Charlotte Bronte – 英國最佳傳記

Mary Barton《瑪麗· 巴頓》：the class struggle between the workers and the capitalists

d. George Elliot(艾略特 1819-1880 女作家): 田園生活，道德問題，心理描寫 Silas Marner《織工馬南》 文風：rich humor and keen observation, very philosophicalAdam Bede：Adam愛上變心女 The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom & Maggie； Middlemarch, a Study of Provincial Life《米德爾馬契》 e. William Makepeace Thackeray(薩克雷 1811-1863): Vanity Fair/ A Novel without a Hero《名利場》 f. Thomas Hardy(哈代 1840-1928 詩人&小說家): 多以農(nóng)村生活為背景；自然主義小說家。the Wessex novels(虛構(gòu)地點) Under the Greenwood Tree《綠蔭下》； The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特橋市長》；The Return of the Native《還鄉(xiāng)》 Far from the Madding Crowd《遠離塵囂》； Jude the Obscure《無名的裘德》

Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔絲》: Tess & Angel Clare – 人無法掌控自己的命運

g. Robert Stevenson(史蒂文森 1850-1894): Treasure Island《金銀島》;Kidnapped

h. William Morris(莫里斯): The Earthly Pradise; Pilgrims of Hope《希望的探求者》

2) 詩歌: optimism and progressive vitality

a. Alfred Tennyson(丁尼生 1809-1902)：維多利亞時代最具代表性的詩人Poet LaureateIn Memoriam《悼念》sounds and rhythms; evoking moods; linking descriptions of nature to the state of minds Poems by Two Brothers The Princess; Maud; Break, Break, Break《拍岸曲》；The Idylls of the King《國王敘事詩》; Ulysses《尤利西斯》 b. The Brownings 布朗寧夫婦Robert/Elizabeth Browning The Ring and the Book; Sonnets from the Portuguese ~ Robert Browning(1812-1889)：dramatic monologues; realistic; optimistic; believed in the progress of mankind Men and Women(詩集)； My Last Duchess《我的前公爵夫人》；Meeting at Night； Home Thoughts, from Abroad

3) 散文

a. Thomas Carlyle(卡萊爾 1795-1881 歷史學家): The French Revolution – 起因(the worker’s miserable living condition)b. John Ruskin(作家&藝術(shù)評論家): 其社會和經(jīng)濟觀念對William Morris, Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw & D. H. Lawrence影響巨大

Modern Painters; The Seven Lamps of Architecture; Unto this Last; Sesame and Lilies

c. Matthew Arnold(阿諾德 1822-1888): Dover Beach《多弗爾海灘》

4) 無產(chǎn)階級文學 a. Ernest Jones(瓊斯 1819-1869): the Chartist poets(憲章派詩人)

b. William Morris(莫里斯 1834-1896): the first socialist writer

5) 19世紀末期文學趨勢

a. Naturalism: 19世紀后半期，從現(xiàn)實主義發(fā)展而來；subjective and somber - 達爾文 Emile Zola & George Gissingb. New-Romanticism: oppose the idea that art reflects life reality – Stevenson (蘇格蘭小說家)

c. Aestheticism(唯美主義): art is self-sufficient and has no reference to life – 在詩歌中傾向于withdrawal or aversiond. Descadence(頹廢派文藝): the crisis of bourgeois culture; opposes the democratic and socialist ideals; “art for art’s sake” ~ Oscar Wilde(王爾德 1854-1900): Aestheticism and Decadence - An Ideal Husband; A Woman of No Importance; The Picture of Dorian Grey; The Happy Prince and Other Tales ; Salome《莎樂美 》

Lady Windermere’s Fan《溫德米爾夫人的扇子》；The Importance of Being Earnest《認真的重要》

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