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        Ї(gu)(dng)ʷ塤wՓ

        l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-08 Դ: c(din)

        һ ġF(xin)(dng)

        1989桶Ї(gu)F(xin)ʷ塷֮҂Ƴm(x)ƪЇ(gu)(dng)ʷ塷ġF(xin)(dng)һ֮eζʲôأǰv19o(j)ĩ1949@һr(sh)ڃ(ni)Ї(gu)򄡰l(f)չ׃Ěvʷ߄tnj(du)19492000@낀(g)o(j)Ї(gu)ʷӾһ20o(j)Ї(gu)F(xin)ʷ䌍(sh)Ї(gu)򄡸SЇ(gu)(hu)F(xin)(g)vʷM(jn)́fyҲo횅^(q)ʲôF(xin)c(dng)ֻҪ]x_繫J(rn)ĬF(xin)cԵҕǣֻҪ҂ǾooסЇ(gu)F(xin)Dy۵ĚvʷM(jn)́fôoՓ(jng)(j)ΡĻҲoՓ(hu)˼Ć}(yng)F(xin)@潛(jng)ȥҡʹ˶ՓF(xin)c(dng)@ɲ־Ͳ^໥“(lin)ϵһ(g)r(sh)μF(xin)r(sh)ζѣr^ʮ꣬˂԰@50ʲô(dng)1949֮Q顰F(xin)tȫЇ(gu)Ěvʷ(sh)H@҂ֻ͕ܸ(j)ĿǰЇ(gu)W(xu)g(sh)猦(du)(dng)@һ(x)T÷҂@20o(j)εđʷ

        20o(j)50ĩ60ԁ^Ї(gu)(dng)ČW(xu)Ї(gu)(dng)򄡡ᷨڴһӺxһǕr(sh)ָ1949ԁČW(xu)
        ָЇ(gu)a(chn)hI(lng)(do)ġЇ(gu)ČW(xu)c򄡡ֽС(hu)xČW(xu)c򄡡
        ǵHЇ(gu)ꑵČW(xu)c򄡡o(j)80ԁĶNP(gun)Ї(gu)(dng)򄡵m(x)@N^c(din)еĸɴͽСЇ(gu)ʷȻ@ǺܳɆ}ԇ挦(du)Tѽ(jng)ؚw(gu)_(ti)ƽy(tng)һŬĴ(sh)rѽ(jng)M(jn)21o(j)ȫ򻯡˼ѱձJ(rn)ͬĽȻ@N]һ˼S^Ї(gu)(dng)ʷôܽʾvʷ挍(sh)òcˇg(sh)ă(ni)Ҏ(gu)@ȻֻҪƬ؏hɺεĽǶǏ塢Z(y)ĻĽy(tng)һԣͬһԣʷЇ(gu)(dng)򄡾Ͳ(yng)HHǴꑵġЇ(gu)򄡡(yng)ꑑ_(ti)cT@ׂ(g)Mɲf1949֮ǰF(xin)r(sh)Ї(gu)ʷ߀DZһ(g)y(tng)һĿмԒô(du)1949֮ġ(dng)r(sh)͑(yng)ox^m(x)(jin)Z(y)ĻĽy(tng)һԴˁչ_(du)vʷ˂(hu)ӛ(g)Օr(sh)ĵĻfЇ(gu)F(xin)򄡾(g)K(gu)ɵģһKؑc֡Ҫصġ(gu)y(tng)^(q)򄡡
        һKDZϺϾ|ʡȜS݅^(q)ԼT_(ti)(gu)(sh)y(tng)ݠ^(q)đ
        ߀һKӰĵġŅ^(q)򄡡@Z(y)ĻϵĽy(tng)һԱ҂fһ(g)(gu)ҚvʷĻc(din)1949֮Ĵꑑ򄡻ǡŅ^(q)򄡡cŴ󡣶(dng)ġ(gu)y(tng)^(q)򄡡tڇ(gu)Ѷֻһ֑򄡼ҼˡŅ^(q)򄡡(du)һS(gu)h_(ti)γһ݆ġ(gu)y(tng)^(q)򄡡_(ti)򄡡(dng)S݅^(q)͸۰ĵđҲvʷ۵M(jn)ˡ(dng)ˣЇ(gu)(dng)ʷֻvH`һ(g)Ї(gu)ĚvʷŒ(sh)Ҳڌ(du)׃܉Eǡֵ҂J(rn)(yng)ԓͻƶm(x)Ĵꑡ(hu)xһԪĪM˼·Pμhɺεҕǿc጑򄡬F(xin)˼SģʽJ(rn)Z(y)ĻĽy(tng)һۣԿƌW(xu)đB(ti)ȁ挍(sh)Ї(gu)(dng)򄡵Ěvʷ

        ı{ʷҕҰđ򄡘ʽf҂?c)ڡF(xin)mȻ(du)ŵµĚvʷlµĸ׃Լ¸脡脡Įa(chn)l(f)չ漰wfԒ@?yn)顰Փđ˼͑^֮D(zhun)׃ĬF(xin)Ժԁ߀Ǐđ\(yn)(dng)c҇(gu)xľo“(lin)ϵߏĴ(yu)ㄡҵӿF(xin)ڄ(chung)ϵشؕI(xin)L(zhng)Ї(gu)ʷ_һ(g)švʷAĻ\(yn)(dng)ռͻĚvʷλڬF(xin)ʷ(do)õtdԒ[1]ġ(dng)֣ıӴ@?yn)@50ꮔ(dng)Ї(gu)y(tng)׃oՓ(du)䡰ácʧu(png)r(ji)h(yun)h(yun)^ǰ50a(chn)S(yu)Ʒc݆TF(xin)廯¡ԒԪW(xu)(x)f(xi){(dio)l(f)չđB(ti)¸@50γɵĸаl(f)ˡӰ@ӰشĚvʷĻ¼һƉ@һB(ti)򄡬F(xin)ĵ·ࡣ҂?c)ڱӴķȻǏġF(xin)@(g)Ƕ۵Qǰ@50đ(dng)Ї(gu)Ŵʷһ΁nj鮔(dng)ʷһ(g)ЙC(j)MɲցvġЇ(gu)Ŵʷ͹ŴԊ(sh)ʷŴСfʷһSġĻ\(yn)(dng)ǂ(g)r(sh)ھͻϽY(ji)ˡԒ@һµđ򄡘ʽ(dng)ǰв˃HHҕЇ(gu)װق(g)Nеһ(g)@?yn)ÑW(xu)ϵķԭ҇(gu)F(xin)dĚvʷŒ(sh)҇(gu)y(tng)ĄNmȻܶđW(xu)wϵfȫǏԊ(sh)衢赸ۺϵĹŴ@һϵy(tng)dԒtW(xu)wϵcБ(du)(yng)һ(g)ȫµĬF(xin)҇(gu)ŴԊ(sh)иNwú͘ʽԣwԊ(sh)Vxf~ҲԊ(sh)һNF(xin)Ԋ(sh)@wú͘ʽеһNwcŴԊ(sh)(du)(yng)ĬF(xin)Ԋ(sh)W(xu)L(fng)òȻЄe˂Ԓҕ顰ʽĕr(sh)҂AڌҕЇ(gu)򄡵ġF(xin)ʽ?yn)mȻԡЇ(gu)򄡂y(tng)ҲСԒӣL(zhng)L(zhng)İ֮ѽ(jng)ȫЇ(gu)ѽ(jng)ɞ҂򄡵ҪMɲˡǷNJ(rn)Ї(gu)򄡃Hڑ^c(din)@ȻǘOƬԒԼ¸脡脡cԪЇ(gu)F(xin)(dng)B(ti)Ļ@ȫǽųF(xin)¬F(xin)҂Ȳ?yn)cy(tng)fĻ“(lin)ϵJ(rn)ڮ(dng)l(f)չĿgҲ?yn)ԒĻϵġ򾉶J(rn)ɞЇ(gu)򄡵Ŀԡ

        ԣ}ĺ߀ڡF(xin)@潛(jng)֮С҂(dng)ʷҕȻǽ(jng)(j)Ļc(hu)˼˵ĬF(xin)}F(xin)cԼP(gun)Ļr(ji)ֵ(bio)(zhn)Ƽs(du)vʷġĻ\(yn)(dng)ĬF(xin)xġt(jin)ֵc(hu)ĬF(xin)䌦(du)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)׃ҪȻָ(do)(dng)ʷһ؞֮˼·1949֮đ˼c\(yn)(dng)MܳMۺͽӖ(xn)߀Ǐ(f)wڬF(xin)ρˡ͑@һTϵˇg(sh)fĬF(xin)ҪF(xin)(g)棺

        һ_(ti)ʬF(xin)ġ˵ľB(ti)ЬF(xin)xĄ顢}͸̡HԿF(xin)ˡĵòˇg(sh)ȤW(xu)׷猦(du)˼c(g)ԽŵĠ(zhng)ȡ(du)˸ƽc (du)NN(d)Ì⽨cR(sh)еȵȣЩMȡڹŴvʷ䡰ҕǡc֮񡱱cF(xin)R(sh)ͨ@һУHġġr(sh)ڡ30ͿՕr(sh)ڵЩ(yu)ƷпԿó50ԒBֽˡķ^ᣩP(gun)h䡷hԼF(tun)A֮󡷣b@һЩҲл[@ıF(xin)80ƷԒġɳ~سɡҦ£܇վнСͬ?jin)ƣ\ƣɣƺo(j)¡Ӷȡƽܲcޡꐁȣz¡꣩ɽšκ¾ͤIdɑL(fng)oL(zhng)xȣ@Щ򶼏IJͬĽǶ͸ˆԺͬF(xin)R(sh)

        1949֮ǰġxr(sh)ڣ򄡾(ni)ġF(xin)ԡ׷cЇ(gu)˵ġײx䌍(sh)һ£Ҫxڡ桱ˡ֡׷ӳ(hu)ġ挍(sh)ԡ(du)m͡_dԡˡăr(ji)ֵ(yn)ġ˵đ򄡡ѬF(xin)(hu)˵Ī(d)˸c(du)ƽ(qun)׷_(ti)ϵđ򄡾1949֮A̗lxcΌ(sh)xԡˌW(xu)ĵġ˵đ򄡡۸Ğζ(zhng)ߵđ򄡡?c)ڡA(j)(zhng)(hu)x̖(ho)uuˬF(xin)һ挍(sh)ԡc˵đ򄡡⵽HеĬF(xin)׷ȻBֽˡһǡײxڡ(hu)x۱F(xin)

        ˇg(sh)ĹɆݔ(do)R(sh)_(ti)̻D(zhun)^cݡƽȌ(du)ԒcpI(lng)ġ(du)Ԓ׷ʘ֮cй֮y(tng)һdžμζ(zhng)½̻Ĺߡ@Ǒˇg(sh)ġˌW(xu)ˇg(sh)ϵıF(xin)ˡ桱Щ򣬶f@һc(din)؄e80ġ̽򄡡^cݡĽc(dng)H߬F(xin)вٮ(dng)ƷּǞfѡ^cݡƽȵČ(du)Ԓcp׃Ɇ򡰽̌(do){ݛՓď(qing)(sh)^ƳЧ¡W(xu)(x)ݵġӡ@r(sh)Ѽg(sh)(dng)ˇg(sh)ή(dng)˼롱ָ߮(dng)򄡑(yng)P(yng)ġ@`֮F(xin)ԵҪxӢ(gu)u(png)Һղء£Herbert Read1893-1968ԡF(xin)۹JָҪһZ(y)ƹŵx(ni)Ԓ҂F(xin)һ؞F(xin)֡ŵxΌƵľͬķNN̗l^ǣÁƺ͉˵Ļܵľ@Щ|Q(hu)F(xin)κɛQ죬ֻһN(qing)˵[2]@Ȼ^ɛQ족ֻƽȌ(du)ԒcĽY(ji)
        ǷN{^֮ϡݔκ͵^đMֶҲˡˇg(sh)̎ġδ͡а`Ի󱊣KÓ˹ŵxǷN(qing)ˡ(du)ʩԡƺ͉֡ıԡڮ(dng)ʷԡ޷ޑ򡱡Ӱ򡱞Щ^tɫ(jng)䡱@Nŵx҂ԷQ֮顰(hu)xŵx(hu)ŵxđ򄡡

        򄡵ČW(xu)Z(y)ԡ_(ti)Z(y)RԼY(ji)(gu)ʽm(yng)F(xin)(hu)cF(xin)^ҪM(jn)бҪĸԒZ(y)(dng)͟F(xin)ʹF(xin)ŴҲҪϬF(xin)˵p(x)Tij_(ti)O(sh)Ӌ(j)M(jn)ڱF(xin)µľ(ni)Ą(chung)@һ(g)ΑB(ti)}Ƞ򄡵|(zh)⚤c򄡵ľ(ni)P(gun)Щ־кܴĚvʷ(wn)cĻĹͨнSì(f)sĬF(xin)@MܸDZҪģǷ¡ԺЩ򄡣|(zh)⚤ƷdzF(xin)(ni)soF(xin)Կ硰ĸеġӰ򡱣90ijЩsr(sh)֡ذb^˶Ŀ^Ʒ򡱴Ļ|(zh)׃^ס^
        侫׃t^y^@o҂ʷһ(g)R(sh)eάF(xin)ԡ΄(w)҇(gu)(hu)ĻD(zhun)Ļϵ̓cƽӹһ(g)ձF(xin)ܽСάF(xin)ԡ_y҂ҕ

        c(dng)

        һԒ@50Ї(gu)(dng)򄡾׃ľǾǣ򄡆Եcؽf򄡬F(xin)ԵĚȱcޏ(f)@fҪָꑺ_(ti)۰ĵrͬɡ_(d)Enlightenment顰Ї(gu)ŴСΆɡ֮ftС_ǡ֮ՓՓɡڬF(xin)飺˵ľķԵڰнųʹ֮F(xin)һ(g)(d)(g)ԽȫĬF(xin)еČW(xu)ָģ20o(j)(hu)ƌW(xu)fġF(xin)dž˼fġԑ(yng)„(w)ǬF(xin)ԵĻA(ch)(c(din)̎xһ(y))

        [3]Ї(gu)~_F(xin)Ěvʷ֮ɵ΄(w)c֮ͬr(sh)R˼xֻܴܰ憢xǰF(xin)(hu)ķNNʹɱ`xČ(do)^ɡԵȏ(f)sF(xin)ˣ硰W(xu)W(xu)ߣѡġcĸɻһՄ(yng)ԓfdžl(f)˷Եġĸ@ӷF(xin)¼ǡǡ෴džɵŤ׃ʧ@N1949֮A(j)(zhng)ľ޴ؓ(f)Ч(yng)f@һ}@ڑҲ@F(xin)ںƽl(f)չr(sh)ڣSƷsM˸͑(zhn)(zhng)ġˎζһζ׷ǷNֻڡ(zhng)вſеĘO˵˼Sͱ_(d)ʽֲcԼ˵О鷽ʽˇg(sh)F(xin)бϷȵȡ

        ĵf(hu)x(yng)YxЬF(xin)Ěvʷ΄(w)(yng)ǽQYx]ܽQĽ(jng)(j)Ļc(hu)˼˵ĬF(xin)}ȻvʷsŒ(sh)˸۵·Ї(gu)@ӵδ(jng)^F(xin)I(y)O(sh)xȱλ(gu)ʹͨ^ֶҲyԳԽYxĬF(xin)Զ(gu)ҡ(hu)F(xin)ĵ·f1949֮ǰxgcF(xin)߀ijNدBԒָЕr(sh)F(xin)_ٵ·ô1949֮ġ(hu)xg@NدB㲻ҲfҲֻܿܿƁCF(xin)O(sh)ǂ(g)˙(qun)I(lng)¾͑(yng)ԓЂ(g)I(lng)¾ҪQ^׌(g)˰ѳȺ(qun)ַ[4]^A(j)(zhng)^m(x)οԛ_һСoa(chn)A(j)όӽĻI(lng)?q)ȫ挣ȵֻꐸČxˡȺ(qun)xˆԵĻҲxR˼xĻԭĶһڬF(xin)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)L(zhng)@Ǯ(dng)ʷϣڡʮꡱ͡ĸr(sh)ڣ]ܳF(xin)1949֮ǰǂ(g)F(xin)r(sh)ڳF(xin)^đ򄡴Һͽ(jng)ĸԭخmȻˮ(dng)Ҳò꡷ճԭҰˡǘӵļ䄓(chung)쾫ήsֱŸf`̫ࡱʹȦȦ߅MXRxôXD(zhun)(dng)ء@ӵԒ(du)|ָ؟(z)ָ؟(z)Ҫ܃ɹԽԽ(jin)λˡwƱʾ(qing)ҵIJM[5]@cˇg(sh)wRKԡ̫ܵwˇ]ϣһ(g)˼nj(du)ʧȥˆԺͬF(xin)R(sh)Ļh(hun)ʹ෴˼

        bڌ(du)ĻxIJMĸ֮ȥλ☋(gu)ɡĿ̖(ho)@N^c(din)˃ɂ(g)`^(q)һcɻһՄ
        \y(tng)ˇĽ̻ܼcεP(gun)ϵ

        @ȁһ(g)}cmȻе“(lin)ϵȫһ(g)Ļϵ\(yn)(dng)Еr(sh)ܕ(hu)׃\(yn)(dng)
        \(yn)(dng)Еr(sh)Ҳ(hu)ɵďԳȻȫġeOxֻһ(g)ȣˡc΄tȻЃcؓ(f)eOcOxcxЃɂ(g)ȣˡcˡԵcԵcġ_M(jn)cڰ(dng)cǔһкڰ(dng)ξSo(h)y(tng)εֶΣ˿ֲ֮ǿɼ˼ɱcūˡ]^s߀ѸZ(y)еġW(xu)ČW(xu)߰ѡġcĸһՄҲδcεIJ?yn)醢cβһڡʮꡱ͡ĸđвŕ(hu)F(xin)λՏ(qing)R(sh)cF(xin)ԷҊĬF(xin)60cĸеġ޷ޑ򡱡Ӱ򡱾^f@һF(xin)(du)򄡞η(w)(yng)(dng)?sh)ͬr(sh)Ҫ򄡵ĆxĻr(ji)ֵ(do)򣬾͌(du)򄡵Ľl(f)չʮкʧȥˆcF(xin)ĠTգֻЃɷNܣ?yn)ι(yn)ͼ?j)

        򄡵Ľ̻ܼcεP(gun)ϵҲǞ_Uvʷ횳һ(g)}_(ti)Ȼ(hu)_(ti)ĿsӰͲȫÓxҲǑҪF(xin)Č(du)ֱӞη(w)ԱF(xin)Ҫ鼺εđ򄡽΄20o(j)Political TheatreP(gun)IڑcεP(gun)ϵǜ\ǴС@NP(gun)ϵDzƽȵ҂кͷ񶨵ġλη(w)ָǷN򄡞ūrǰcɞ锳֮r(sh)@ӵġᳫ򄡵Ľ̻ܲ򄡞η(w)^̻@ָƄ(dng)˵|(zh)B(yng)ɺ;ǰfھI(lng)ġ(du)ԒǑ_(d)@һĿĵֶ܌W(xu)ָ̻ЃɷNһNwF(xin)˵ġԡ֮˵ձڿwϾSo(h)Եı|(zh)Ҏ(gu)һN^ġ̻tǡǡ෴ǾSo(h)ǰ֮˵ձԳMƫҊ(d)Ľ(jng)(yn)x(g)e½M@NϴXʽġ̻Ư̖(ho)[6]T⽨(hu)ġTy^ĸеġѪy(tng)ՓΨɷ֡ՓӰ򡱡ȡɽ~r(nng)|(zh)áԼڽŵȵ@Щ|(du)M(jn)н̻nj(g)e½᣿R˼fԡ˼W늡ˡųɞˡ(sh)HϾnjһN̻µˡšɞǰһN̻µˡ[7]

        C^(dng)50ԵcؽԻF(xin)ԵĚȱcޏ(f)ľ۵@ڮ(dng)׃Ěvʷ^(dng)wıF(xin)

        (dng)׃Ěvʷ^

        Ї(gu)(dng)򄡵׃ڽ(jng)(j)Ļc(hu)˼˵ď(f)s׃Еr(sh)cζ(zhng)R(sh)ΑB(ti)׃(dng)ֱP(gun)ڴꑺ_(ti)ڑˇg(sh)(ni)NNصL(zhng)棬t۶[εc@Щ׃“(lin)ϵ򄡵Ěvʷ@һAԁ@NvʷAԮ(dng)Ȼ(du)Եǰ֮gЅ^(q)e“(lin)ϵ@NvʷAڴ_(ti)ۡTвͬ塢Z(y)Ļ֮y(tng)һijNP(gun)֮̎1978ꡪ1989ġ˼šc_(ti)1987ġ(yn)(du)򄡵İl(f)չ^شӰ򄡄(chung)ĬF(xin)(sh)xF(xin)x׃c_šµĻ֮P(gun)ϵڃɰĵصđ򄡰l(f)չоКvʷɌ@낀(g)o(j)(dng)򄡵ĆcF(xin)r(sh)[r(sh)F(xin)r(sh)r(sh)m(x)(dng)ȱλεһ֮r(sh)͕(hu)a(chn)һNF(xin)đ_(ti)1950ꡪ1960ġ턡ꑡʮꡱcĸеġA(j)(zhng)޷ޑӰ򡱣ԇԴꑑ򄡞Ҫ^쌦(du)g_(ti)ģ50vʷ^

        һcF(xin)R(sh)ĵġʮꡱ1949(qun)1966ꡰĸl(f)F(xin)(x)QʮꡱǮ(dng)򄡵ĵһ(g)vʷr(sh)1957֮ǰꑑ򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)߀ٳн1949ǰxľw50ڵġDŮ_hXСڽY(ji)顷һеR(sh)cx“(lin)ϵ@N“(lin)ϵc(du)(qun)ĸힿһġ횜ϡ׌˾סh(hun)ĸc(du)ĸм֮mӺ񡢡ˡĹӲּӽ[ĸ(do)ݺ֮һ݆Tıڮ(dng)r(sh)H߼tKԸȺ򡱣{(dio)ģ醢ҪxġȺ(qun)硱ҕ˺ʮ깩εġ힄hI(lng)䣩֮L(fng)ɴ˶ʼ

        19561957ϰڇ(gu)H(gu)(ni)˼볱c΄(sh)³F(xin)^һꇶ̕ġ˼š֮L(fng)cF(xin)R(sh)̧^D[ÓA̗l`|֮ġķN(yng)\(yn)ԒBֽˡijF(xin)һ(g)ʮҪ̖(ho)Hٰь(du)(g)׷c(du)(qun)ĸ“(lin)ϵ෴и(qun)‚(g)ܵijNJ|һ(g)Єð^̆}˴µ̖(ho)硰w(hu)xhI(lng)(do)֮еꐸ󐺵ķ⽨֮˽ǂ(g)F(tun)֧ίغãMڡM(jn)Z(y)ёҕ˽ֱZ(g)˵Ů˹BͯУR[Ó_ijN`l(wi)(g)(yn)΄(w)DŽHxѲ֮ġBҪ@Ȼ@ǡġr(sh)wF(xin)֮F(xin)ġײx׷˵c(g)϶˵(hu)؟(z)(hu)IJԣ50٬F(xin)ܵA؄(sh)ĴҲӭ@ɡ˼š֮L(fng)ġL(fng)ѩҹwˡخġˡ1957ڱ˃Ʉa(chn)40F(xin)򄡽(jng)֮ͻF(xin)˵`Xˌ(du)ɵľ׷F(xin)ԼBֽˡ^ķNijF(xin)fˑ򄡼҂(jin)ֆcF(xin)R(sh)l(f)P(yng)ĬF(xin)򄡾񡱵ĿFŬ

        Ȼ1957ꡰɡ(zhng)֮ڇ(gu)H(zhn)֮ҲP(gun)ڡ(gu)Ha(chn)x\(yn)(dng)Փ(zhn)Сޡ̖(ho)(q)ʹЇ(gu)򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)Ѹήsˣ֮ˌW(xu)ă(ni)ݱA(j)(zhng)޷ޡʽϼM(jn)(sh)HݛՓֱӿˑ򄡵ľ(do)ԆcF(xin)R(sh)龫(ni)ġ挍(sh)ˡ_(ti)ʧˣ֮P(yng)ν̗lһܼľżһĘVġ^hġP(gun)h䡷@ӵĺÑ֮1958F(xin)ԭ򡪡ǰ힄·Ҵ(g)fr(sh)ıo(h)㣬߄t˼o(j)Ļ˵ęC(j)(hu)һ򄡄tƿͬСtԺһͬh߀Сʮˮ(k)ٮ(dng)r(sh)Ļh(hun)P(yng)̓ġSM(jn)֮L(fng)څr(sh)(yng)֮ҲֻǮ(dng)ʧӛ䛡60һF(xin)A(j)(zhng)޷ޡ(zhng)đ򣨰Ԓ͑ڄ(chung)̖(ho)Qǡ(hu)xF(xin)(sh)x򡰸F(xin)(sh)xcxY(ji)ϡ(sh)Hϴ󶼿ɷQ֮顰(hu)ŵx֮(du)ˇg(sh)ֶΣZ(y)Y(ji)(gu)ȣAM(jn)(sh)tꐸľ(ni)(dng)r(sh)L(fng)һr(sh)ġǧf(wn)ҪӛһS֮ɎXȾٴ(g)e硶޺µڱmȻˇg(sh)F(xin)ĹһIһ挍(sh)ԣwÓ(qing){(dio)A(j)(zhng)(du)ƽ׃·(sh)˄ѴеġL(fng)ҕʹˉħ@HķF(xin)A(dng)r(sh)򄡵·ԽԽխ1959ͬr(sh)岿ݣӢģ1960ͬr(sh)߲ʮһ(g)A(j)ֵܡݣͬ(bo)һ(bo)1962t11҄Ժݳ(j)ӛ(sh)СfľͬԒtrM(jn)иA(j)(zhng)Ľ1963ͬr(sh)15ԒF(tun)wݡhļ҄硶tɫhhͬ־W(xu)(x)ȣ^hһٱČעNNɡF(xin)أ@f·(yn)µġ}ěQՓʹĿҊؚ_(ti)196070嵽ҦһȔL(fng)ȑ򄡼ҾĿһµĄ(chung)ϽY(ji)ˡ턡Ćһؚĕr(sh)ڣ
        ڴm196162̕ġ{(dio)S񶨣֮ԸӲ·

        (c(din)̎xһ(y))

        ԏصF(xin)R(sh)ȫȱġĸr(sh)1966ꡰĸl(f)1976顰ˎ̖͡(ho)Qĸʮꡱ䌍(sh)ĸľvϿ196312c6ëɖ|P(gun)ˇ}ăɴΎаl(f)(dng)ĸζʾ¿1978йY(ji)ĸl(f)˼š\(yn)(dng)֮r(sh)@15Ǯ(dng)ʷĵڶ(g)r(sh)ڣҲdžԏصF(xin)R(sh)ȫȱһ(g)ʷ^ĸ]κxϵĸԺM(jn)l(f)@һr(sh)ڵһ˼ˇg(sh)F(xin)ϼM(jn)(sh)|(zh)ϵ¶fƷ˂(g)Ӱ򡱣tӛɳ亡ȡɽu׻F(tun)ۡ脡tɫ܊ëŮ푘峪?jing)ɳ亡䎧һڶӰ򡱣硶힡ƽԭ?zhn)Nɽʯȣ@һr(sh)ڵġtɫ(jng)䡱ՓĴֵһСֱͬ־ίнͬ־_IJ(du)ˇՄ(hu)o(j)ҪġՄˎϺČӰl(f)ڡt졷s־196967ںϿġu(png)˹̹˹˹wϵԼĻÌӡY(ji)Ӱ򡱽(jng)(yn)硶Ї(gu)vʷĉՄӰijɾͺxʮ꡷ՓҪc(din)УһհסՓČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ȫr(ji)ֵJ(rn)vʷһЃ(yu)Ʒ(du)(dng)˵xJ(rn)顰oa(chn)A(j)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ġ(gu)H衷ԁһƬհF(xin)ڡӰa(b)@һհס΄(w)ՓJ(rn)򄡵ĸ΄(w)^ġoa(chn)A(j)Ӣ󡱣@ӵռI(lng)_(ti)ǡoa(chn)A(j)όӽĻI(lng)?q)ȫ挣ĄͻՓҪƷwϵǣͻͻӢӢͻһӢ

        ĸⲿF(xin)ΑB(ti)ijЩhF(xin)(ni)ڌ(sh)|(zh)ǷF(xin)ġġӰ򡱱ϿҲijNF(xin)ԡ@һNάF(xin)ԡĚvʷϿ(dng)Ї(gu)⽨(hu)ǰF(xin)ĻF(xin)Ļ(zhn)r(sh)(qun)Ľy(tng)(yng)(yng)ĵһ(g)ĻԱnjĻM(jn)Єxcֽ|(zh)֮Ͼ֮ġЌW(xu)wW(xu)ááһĻ֮wF(xin)Ӱ򡱵|(zh)⚤Ǹ߶ȬF(xin)ģҲfǸ߶ȡğⲼЧx_F(xin)Ƽ
        ķbO(sh)Ӌ(j)ҲǰF(xin)(sh)xҪ
        Ǵđ푘Dгһ(g)ꂥķՇǣ@N̖(ho)Q֡F(xin)đ򄡣侫(ni)s϶һЩڷ⽨xĻĖ|Ѫy(tng)ՓTy^hԡӢ۳c(g)ŵՓڡՓ֧F(xin)R(sh)@ӣӰ򡱾Ͳ̮ܿF(xin)R(sh)^µ˺˵\(yn)԰ռ_(ti)һ(g)(g)ȫġӢ󡱣]Ђ(g)ԣyR(sh)Ԅe]СˡǞ͏(qing)ijNO(sh)õġ̖(ho)ͽf̓ٵġһƬƬ~NĴ[8]fڡӰЇ(gu)򄡵ĬF(xin)ѽ(jng)ص׽wʮg򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)ֻڡ¡B(ti)д_(ti)đв̶ͬȵm(x)

        ؽcF(xin)R(sh)(du)sġSr(sh)19771989Ї(gu)(dng)ʷĵ(g)r(sh)@10ɰĵصđ򄡶һ(g)(du)sġSr(sh)ڴ1976顰ˎ͡vʷxh(yun)h(yun)^@һw¼1978й11ȫ(hu)Y(ji)ĸ·܁ymȻ@(g)߀L(zhng)ԁ١󡱵Ė|_ˡ˼šlTČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ĆcF(xin)R(sh)(f)KѸͰl(f)չ_(ti)S1984꽛(jng)(j)֮(gu)HɻƶȻ1986(gu)h12ȫ(hu)θµĆ(dng)c1987ġ(yn)ˇ·ȻҲ͸F(xin)һ;?q)ĸĿֶ֑һζM(jn)70_ʼעرF(xin)(sh)cY(ji)ϣˇg(sh)кܴl(f)չ1974(sh)Сֳߡ(du)Tˇİl(f)չҲзeOx@һ׃(du)˼ɞ鱾ע`ꡰ(du)ԒĬF(xin)򄡾񡱵ĸߓP(yng)fʮġ@һc(din)Ĵꑑ򄡿wfꑡĸĽY(ji)(du)_(ti)ľзeOӰ

        F(xin)򄡾񡱏ď(f)KߓP(yng)һ(g)^̵һ_ʼّMСˎ͡HHǞ顰ϸɲ(zhng)ڡĸʧȥ(qun)΃A˼Sʽcˇg(sh)߀һףfw߀ǡʮꡱ͡ĸ·ӣڲͬ˵ĿУ񶨡ĸĺxǸͬӵĻr(ji)ֵ^Ϗص׷񶨡ĸ߀ٔ(sh)ʹ1978F(xin)ġڟo•̎⡷Vɽ@һÑҲ߀ͣڡˎ͡ζ(zhng)ϵġȻ1979l(f)һ(g)D(zhun)ۣһđӳF(xin)(sh)J|(hu)}Һ􆾸ĸ_Mоđ򄡳F(xin)ˣ硶ġ(bo)(qun)cδنȾȡ@ǘ(bio)־cF(xin)R(sh)֮XF(xin)򄡾񡱳ߓP(yng)ĵһƷǡġɳ~سҦ£@Ǯ(dng)r(sh)P(gun)ĵġߺT}ҵĸ֮L(fng)(sh)Hυs|h͇(gu)ҙ(qun)ʹcO(jin)_ˬF(xin)wؙ(qun)Ac󱊵ì@һeyʮеΆ}@һ}˽30Ľ͸@޴ĬF(xin)(sh)ԺͼJԓϺݳһ޴cQһҲA؄(sh)ď(qing)ҲMǸߌP(gun)עչ_ӑՓM@ӑՓˇ\(yn)(dng)Ͷ(zhng)ǘY(ji)@һr(sh)F(xin)(sh)ԘO(qing)ĺÑ׃ͬr(sh)߀Ӱ̫(yng)ˡӰČW(xu)С١Ҳ?yn)ӵ|˕r(sh)ͬF(xin)(sh)}θʹP(gun)עr(sh)F(xin)(sh)挍(sh)ӳF(xin)˵ľ׷JpʻS֮(sh)đ1980Ѹˡ

        ȻĻB(ti)(sh)cͬȻЇ(gu)F(xin)IJѽ(jng)ֹͣôcF(xin)R(sh)ҲͲر19801989Ї(gu)򄡾һǰM(jn)֮̽·ھָČ(du)(hu)}ı¶c(du)vʷĻ׷c˼g؞(du)Ժ˵`̽c
        ڄ(chung)cF(xin)ֶϣ(jng)vˏĔPάF(xin)(sh)x֏(f)F(xin)(sh)xy(tng)W(xu)(x)bF(xin)x^̡@vġ̽Ȱ1982Աˇݳ^(du)̖(ho)_˵ġС(chng)\(yn)(dng)ԡh(du)y(tng)ģʽ͑B(ti)қ_Ҳ(chng)cڏVx򄡵˼cˇg(sh)ϵ׃@Щ̽(du)׃fġλ˼S͆һؚ_(ti)^ش(yng)ԓf@10ǬF(xin)򄡾񡱴l(f)P(yng)10ҲǸҌ(du)ʮꡱ͡ĸf10@һr(sh)ČW(xu)͑򄡽һɲСġ桱˼(du)L(zhng)ڽy(tng)ČW(xu)͑򄡵A̗lxΌ(sh)x֧εfđģʽM(jn)кͷ@Nкͷ5060ҲF(xin)^΢̕ѸR(sh)ΑB(ti)ȥ80@һs˸ĸ_֮(sh)ˡᄞ顰˼m؄(sh)ƉģKƱǰM(jn)Փ̈́(chung)(sh)`ϸ׃Ї(gu)(dng)򄡰l(f)չڅ(sh)ʹ򄡵˼gˇg(sh)gõ˿ǰĔU(ku)չ@10S(yu)ㄡ|(zh)⚤;(ni)϶–|(dng)wF(xin)̎˼֮еЇ(gu)ǷNeO_P(yng)ϵľB(ti)ֻ@r(sh)򄡲Ō(sh)F(xin)ˡھI(lng)ġ(du)Ԓųˡľ֮ĵһᵽԒɣƺo(j)¡ܲcޡЩ80ă(yu)ㄡ(dng)CеğoɌɞ齛(jng)֮֮@10đǾشvʷx40Sr(sh)֮һ(g)߷f̱xҲ^

        80l(f)ˡ^ĴӑՓ@Ǒ^m(x)֮̽·ıF(xin)Ȼ(dng)ˇg(sh)o_wƵ`r(sh)^֮·̽Ҳֻˇg(sh)ȦD(zhun)D(zhun)ڡġ֮RĆ}^m(x)Ŭ(jin)˼ţ_A̗lx`ڄ(chung)ϔPάF(xin)(sh)x֏(f)򄡵ġˌW(xu)λ_(ti)ϱF(xin)挍(sh)挍(sh)ˡ(dng)r(sh)ġ^ӑՓsHHǞ˽oF(xin)x_·һ_ʼֻݲRϣ؞鎟äĿذѬF(xin)(sh)x鹥(du)˹̹˹˹锳䌍(sh)˹̹wϵġˌW(xu)(ni)cF(xin)(sh)xh(yun)ȲRϣصġҊкЇ(gu)(sh)Hքڡĸб^܁yӑՓ@_}Ҳ^Ⱦ͡(du)Ya(chn)A(j)ɻΉֻһЩˇg(sh)Ɇ}Ć}ϼmp塪ٶԡcԡ_(ti)XcƳ_(ti)XJ(rn)ͬĶ‰cƵĶ‰gxЧcQЧ(sh)c⡱ȵȣ(du)@Щ}Ļش𱾁ǃɿɵo횷Ǵ˼˵ؠ(zhng)ՓMӑՓ(du)_(ti)^ĽcС(chng)֮do@_򄡾ĺĆ}`ϵɡ(du)ԒcƽȽڼg(sh)ʽÄţ@ʹ80δܮa(chn)ƷҲʽʧM(jn)򄡴l(f)չęC(j)(hu)ͬr(sh)߀90򄡵ġ|(zh)g(sh)ANǰ

        ģSr(sh)^ƽӹ19902000꣬@20o(j)10ҕ鮔(dng)򄡵ĵĂ(g)vʷr(sh)ڡ˾šL(fng)OӰЇ(gu)˵ľB(ti)O󽩻(sh)؁DáL(fng)ęC(j)(hu)񶨸ĸ_ŵľ޴ɾЇ(gu)ص·ȥ[9]mȻF(xin)M(jn)ѲȫֹθĸcҎ(gu)Ј(chng)(jng)(j)M(jn),ʹ(g)(hu)|(zh)ƽӹĻDyD(zhun)УĮr(ji)ֵy̓cƽӹ׺B͸һI(lng)½☋(gu)cF(xin)R(sh)ĺF(xin)xcW(xu)ɳ˄(sh)(du)@ЩOF(xin)ƲӰµ_(ti)Ͱl(f)@һr(sh)ڣ@fO˼̧^cߵġfҲfˇg(sh)(chung)ؚp˄tǡ桱|(zh)⚤{(dio)٩tɫ(jng)䡱o@һЌ(du)ؽ辫ɺ͸߶Ȅ(chung)đ򄡁fǘO鲻һ(g)ֻX͡(qun)]ˡ(mng)롱͡Ԋ(sh)顱(hu)ô(hu)кõđ򄡮a(chn)ˣwf90Ǒ򄡾ήs_(ti)̓ٷsĕr(sh)wƃ(ni)ķNNu(png)(jing)ͅRݻ(dng)(du)򄡵Ͱl(f)չfٟoһܿ׃b(j)ֶ(dng)ֻX㡰̡(zhng)Ҫ(j)ʹ򄡵Ą(chung)u(png)r(ji)wƻMʧȥˇg(sh)(d)ԣl(f)RfġȤζĸ [10]f80кÑu(png)(jing)90tȑҪ(jing)(xing)90ԁ_(ti)۰đ򄡣ڡF(xin)˼Ӱ^Z(y)򄡡֮L(fng)ɞr(sh)ل(chung)ݳҲw\cƽӹ

        C^90׃څ(g)c(din)ֵע⣺

        (qing)Ʒ|(zh)⚤_(ti)bA^Spectaclew򄡾(ni)ؚևԻ^x義ؑ^ʢ¡ԒwϹƒS÷򡶻ŮˡȑAIJ(c(din)̎xһ(y))

        ٴ˶Ŀġ^ȡˡ^cݡھϵƽȡ(du)Ԓͨ^ĉŔͨ^o횑(yng)ʾ˱(dng)ؽһ(g)o^xĂ硱[11]

        ֮_(ti)Եď(qing)ž˼dwČW(xu)r(ji)90đČW(xu)ή@c˵ľؚĿڅ(sh)ͬVһ(g)fǣһı팧(do)ľfm(zhn)_?yn)]кõľ֧ʽܳɞһfˡ^@һ׵Ĵᵽġؑ^ʢ¡wϹƒŮˡһđoԡĺAȡ٣ČW(xu)ԶǺܲеĄи@һ΄(sh)Լ_(ti)Ťġ(dng)oζŵ@Ʒİl(f)һĽKY(ji)[12]@Nڅ(sh)ټϴ󱊊ʘʽĶӻcýwĻŔ࣬ĿgͺСˡ

        ٴcσc(din)“(lin)ϵ֮桱ĹܱÛ|˼oеĹ܄t^桱^ͣڸйٴ̼Aϡ@nj(du)Ҏ(gu)ĻЈ(chng)ġ협(yng)Ҳnj(du)θһеġ(dng)ǾؚʧıF(xin)Մˇg(sh)ԻӘС˘90Ñ֮ԽԽÑ֮˅sԽԽƱָwđһЩh̖(ho)С(chng)ԡ桱ȡٵ@NB(ti)еһȫӷγˡ򡱣ͲһNF(xin)

        90đ򄡱Mܿwϳ»څ(sh)ڽ(jng)(j)ΡĻ(hu)˼롢@Щھ۵F(xin)׃D(zhun)еČW(xu)ˇg(sh)Ҳ߀pصѭxcF(xin)Ե·ǰl(f)չ80ľy(tng)δȫ^һЩõĺͱ^õđ_(ti)ԒҦh(yun)mȻ(do)ݣн(du)ʩˡ^xbԲʧһ˼ˇg(sh)ѵy֮߬F(xin)xĻ(chng)ڡԡ֮ČW(xu)飬ڄЏ(qing)ҵıF(xin)ֵһı^(yu)Ԓ߀Сt¡?jin)ƣe^ʿУBˡ~ˡˡ(chng)Σwҫ񣩵ȡ90đmo80ġܲcޡǘӵļ󻴄c_飩@򡶶cϡʽܣӡr(nng)@һЩĿ^Ӱ푣Qһr(sh)֮x90С(chng)򄡣Ҳ^m(x)ի@mںF(xin)xӰ³F(xin)˷Z(y)ȥ˼ġ桱򄡵ĬF(xin)˼ϾxŮʿڣһ(g)oxߵSo(j)KϾxfС(chng)򄡵ķfh(sh)(yn)ľҲ߀^m(x)˼ġƴNַHʽؽbF(xin)ڃ(ni)υs^80HЛ_Ļо

        (dng)˂վס20o(j)β˻^ȥǽ50򄡵Ěvʷ(jng)(yn)ͽӖ(xn)r(sh)(du)NNL(zhng)ڷe۵Ć}ε˼ġՓˇg(sh)ġĽQϣ21o(j)

        (dng)򄡵Ļ

        ǰԣЇ(gu)(dng)򄡰_(ti)TĂ(g)؅^(q)đ@塢Z(y)Ļy(tng)һԣ(dng)ȻҲͬĻZ(y)ԡ˼S_(d)ʽĻYԴȷĹͬ(dng)҂wՓ19492000@낀(g)o(j)Ї(gu)(dng)򄡵Ļr(sh)ҪزՄ@NͬՄ@һr(sh)֮(ni)cF(xin)(sh)P(gun)ϵγɵһЩwԴ_(ti)đ򄡞?yn)@һr(sh)֮(ni)дԣҲ܏f}

        һ@50Ĵ󲿷֕r(sh)g(ni)ĻȫČ򄡵ιԉˇg(sh)䡰ˌW(xu)λȫ򲿷ֵ׌oˡΡλ^힡hI(lng)䣩Ƕ^턡A(j)(zhng)޷ޑ(j)̑򡱣ԼNN(ji)ՑI(xin)Y򡱵ȵǶ@ӵđ򄡲܌(sh)F(xin)^cݡ֮gƽȽ`(du)Ԓ@ӵĬF(xin)֮Ҫ󣬶ǽ^(dng)ؽΡ̌(do)
        @ӵđݔR(sh)ΑB(ti)һԪĻ(ni)cεĘ(gu)ɴǹʽ@ӵġcӖ(xn)Ia(chn)ıȻһr(sh)ںһ֮(ni)һġԡѡġԁԡˡ鱾ĬF(xin)(sh)x؆һؚʳW(xu)߷Q顰MF(xin)(sh)x򡰂άF(xin)(sh)xPseudo-realism

        ġr(sh)ڡˡĬF(xin)Ļ(dng)ǶԪǕr(sh)Ї(gu)TĻ˵xxxxR˼x(hu)xoxȵ˼IJͬ(c)桢ͬǶȱЇ(gu)˽ĶҲ̶ͬȵƄ(dng)^Ї(gu)˼ĻĬF(xin)M(jn)Ԫ˼y(tng)һһ(g)˼(g)Խ(zhng)(zhng)ɵij֮1949֮ˡĬF(xin)Ļ(dng)tһԪģK“(lin)ġ(hu)xԡȡˬF(xin)K“(lin)(hu)xF(xin)(sh)xЇ(gu)ġF(xin)(sh)xcxY(ji)ϡ(chung)ԭtļs±F(xin)A(j)(zhng)^m(x)һ(g)¸ָQ@һF(xin)Ǿᵽ^ġ(hu)xŵx(hu)ŵx@ӵġλȻ_򄡵ĆԺͬF(xin)R(sh)(yn)ؽȡˑеĺľÓx@NġǰǛQȻȫ󱊵˸ġ

        ڶ(dng)򄡵һĻ_(ti)ġ(g)ԡ茑}һֱc(g)ԡļJ(du)@λλıȻY(ji)195060_(ti)ġ턡dž{(dio)ο̖(ho)ʽ@(g)·ӱ_(ti)򄡽ʿٗꑵġA(j)(zhng)޷ޑcӰ򡱸L(zhng)ڷǡˡȥ桱조񡱮ūԴˁŤĨ˵Ă(g)cū˵ͬr(sh)ҲҪһЩˡ硶ٳD(du)^A(j)ˡĿ̮ͬҲnj(du)Ե˵x͆xһ(g)ҪǰdzJ(rn)ˡSԺ͏(f)sJ(rn)˵Ă(g)(g)x Individualism g(g)xHYx(hu)õJ(rn)l(f)չR˼xҲ{Լ˼wϵ(g)Եɰl(f)չҕδ(hu)ҪĿ(bio)a(chn)hԡfǴA(j)A(j)(du)Ya(chn)A(j)f(hu)ģ@һ(g)“(lin)wÿ(g)˵ɰl(f)չһ˵ɰl(f)չėl[13] ѸĬF(xin)˼Ї(gu)ĬF(xin)e
        g(sh)˱(g)Զˡ˵ĬF(xin)c(qing)(gu)P(gun)ϵǣʹ(gu)֮X(g)ԏɳ֮D(zhun)ˇ(gu)[14]mᘌ(du)Щԡ(gu)ҡڠ(g)ɵ^c(din)f(zhng)ゃ(g)˵Ǟ(gu)Ҡ(zhng)(zhng)ゃԼ˸񣬱Ǟ(gu)Ҡ(zhng)˸ƽȵć(gu)ҲһȺūŽģ[15]@fġƽȵć(gu)ҡcѸfġˇ(gu)ǬF(xin)(gu)ҵͬxZ(y)Ї(gu)ֻгɞ@ӵġˇ(gu)ԏ(qing)˵ġɳ֮ֻcūŶ]ƽȵĹć(gu)ңtֻh(yun)׸(g)xǡײxĺĺ`꣬(du)Ƅ(dng)Ї(gu)֮F(xin)P(gun)ҪȻڂy(tng)Ļ֮xӵӰ푣ġIndividualism(g)x(g)xmЇ(gu)Ļвȫoc֮ͨڵYԴ20o(j)Ї(gu)֮r(sh)sұ(gu)`xc1907Ѹָ(g)һZ(y)Ї(gu)δ̖(ho)QR(sh)r(sh)֮ʿԞԍƈuc\ͬδ֪`麦֮xҲeĿ䌍(sh)Ȼ[16] Ѹf@N`1949֮ژO˼cF(xin)R(sh)ȱλӇ(yn)ڡġĻ\(yn)(dng)xߴ•ƉĂ(g)Ե(sh)f(wn)֮ԭ[17]1958sȫ^ˣˇI(lng)܊ܓP(yng)ڿY(ji)ɡ(zhng)Ĉ(bo)桶ˇ(zhn)ϵһ(chng)qՓĽ(jng)ëɖ|Ķf(g)x(hu)x(hu)f(wn)֮ԴԭԴ֮eԭˣĻ↢˵ĬF(xin)ĚvʷҪc˿?fn)?dng)ȻҲ^|19561957F(xin)ġķNՓБйr(nng)Nǂ(g)Եģʽ@һ•mˮ(dng)򄡌(du)^Ҏ(gu)ɵĝҪ19791989@ʮg˼֮(sh)һڰl(f)˵Ă(g)ϳ_(d)桱c֮ă(yu)ㄡ@Щnj(du)(g)xкͷɽȫĂ(g)ԽY(ji)ϳɵļwǏ(qing)ģѸġˇ(gu)󚢂(g)Ե^wx(sh)|(zh)ϲ^һNTotalitarianism,ֱgǡwxJ(rn)һ(g)ߟoϵwʹ@(g)ɵġw(qun)@ͽoO(qun)x͂΂(g)xĽY(ji)ṩһ(g)gڌ(do)׷(g)ԽʼO˵؉ւ(g)ԽK@һ(g)ɵı[18](dng)򄡾c@NɵıDy۵Č(du)m(x)ġy(tng)_ͨδĬF(xin)֮·

        F(xin)cF(xin)Č(du)ʹЇ(gu)(dng)γһ(g)Ļ۹Ļxķġr(sh)1940۹ȫĻ1949֮_(ti)ֻ(gu)1970Ļ(g)_šꑄt۹D(zhun)K“(lin)͡(hu)xꇠI(yng)Ļǡ]B(ti)c(gu)ĬF(xin)׷P(gun)۹ܵкͷָ؟(z)顰x⡱ꑑm(x)c“(lin)ϵǡĸ£_(ti)ʮĻxı؃A̧^F(xin)ԵĽɫĻxĻĹ֮ͬͨ̎Կǽ^(du)@(dng)cĻ֮r(sh)ʹ]IJաߡM(jn)Ļġ廯}@ijЩvʷl®(dng)ȻһıȻcvʷV҂^廯ЃɷNһNǷeO_͵J(rn)ĻĹ֮ͬͨ̎c(din)ڰЩ(yu)Ė|Á
        һNOġ]͵J(rn)ĻĹͬr(ji)ֵc(din)ԡ(gu)⡱(du)M(jn)Ļԡ廯ȡF(xin)Ԓ20o(j)Ї(gu)ĕr(sh)(dng)Ȼһ(g)廯Ć}@һ}ĽQĻxfôy͇(yn)f1920t(rn)ֵܵȺϺ_(ti)ݳA֮šI(y)⵽ʧfԒġ廯߀һ(g)І}Ԓô1924򄡅f(xi)(zh)(do)̵ӡ@ɹtfԒݳʽѽ(jng)ɹرֲЇ(gu)_(ti)@ѽ(jng)~ˡ廯Ҫһ

        ԒČW(xu)Ą(chung)fЇ(gu)Ԓһ_ʼڡ廯·ϵһhW(yng)ٻcy(tng)ˇg(sh)YԴ䄓(chung)ʹȡԒ@NʽZ(y)L(fng)ˇg(sh)ζԼƷ(ni)еǷNF(xin)Ї(gu)ˡľoǡЇ(gu)˵ġ30Ї(gu)ԒڅʲôС족ѽ(jng)׃ɵصصЇ(gu)F(xin)򄡵һNʽһNΑB(ti)ˡl(shu)fhخܵ˵ЩԒЇ(gu)F(xin)򄡵Ľ(jng)ΛrЇ(gu)ԒĮa(chn)Ͱl(f)չҲǃHHһ(g)ˇg(sh)ʽĆ}Ї(gu)ĻF(xin)һ˵ĬF(xin)tҪă(ni)ġԁԒĆx䌦(du)˵ĬF(xin)׷֪@ӿڿՕr(sh)P(gun)ڑʽӑՓǷN񶨡ġɾġ廯̖(ho)(c(din)̎xһ(y))

        @ȻAsA(f)xx廯(sh)Hϳr(nng)񻯣(sh)|(zh)һNĻxAıF(xin)ĴԒͱMһ(g)ԭͲǡЇ(gu)ġ^ıخh(yun)겻ɡ족廯΄(w)@(g)˼·40Ӱ1949֮(g)Ԓġ廯cġxġ˵đ򄡡xϵĬF(xin)򄡱Y

        廯ǰǬF(xin)@(g)߉݋s^ɫ׷Ҳ׃˾ܽ^M(jn)Ļē߳ɞ(f)fͬxZ(y)픶ͣijЩg(sh)ֶκʽصİúģ

        90Ļx˼ķEһNǶǵ^c(din)J(rn)飺ԽľԽġҰѴԒİl(f)(qun)w֮Ѹ䌍(sh)Ѹд1934419ꐟfF(xin)ڵČW(xu)Ҳһеطɫʵ׳ɞe(gu)ע⡣ȥЇ(gu)֮(dng)[19]Ո(qng)ע⣬طɫʡڡԡe(gu)ע⡱Ҳǫ@ˡx˼@vˇg(sh)еġ󮐡sˇg(sh)r(ji)ֵJ(rn)ͬеԆ}ˡ߉݋(yng)ԓ@ӵģһxˇg(sh)ȻǾɫģһоɫˇg(sh)Գɞ

        ֮(ni)c|(zh)⚤ڏ(f)sĻ_ͻʧȥCĽy(tng)һʧΡxĬF(xin)ڮ(dng)Еr(sh)аl(f)ǰԣ(dng)Ї(gu)Ļ(zhn)r(sh)|(zh)֮Ͼ֮ġĻֽ⡱Փஔ(dng)ЧظT(sh)`؄eǮ(dng)@Nֽ⡱ՓcAκĻxY(ji)ϵĕr(sh)䌦(du)򄡵ؓ(f)ӰǾ޴dzF(xin)ˡάF(xin)ԡ}Щ|(zh)⚤¡(ni)f^F(xin)򄡡ġF(xin)ԡһNάF(xin)ԡ1957걱_(ti)ϳF(xin)ġٳD䌧(do)ݵַcO(sh)Ӌ(j)ǺܡF(xin)ģ䡰ɡּϵľ(ni)sʮfģČR(sh)1963Ϻ_(ti)ϳF(xin)ġM(jn)ⲿF(xin)ַϾ͸¡(ni)ڵġꡱsvsˮ(dng)r(sh)޷ޡ΃(ni)ݣHp֪R(sh)ӂ(g)׷ķxAǺ@wF(xin)άF(xin)ԡ棬Ӱ򡱾͸ӵZ(y)ǺܡF(xin)@ԲԣⲿF(xin)ֶfஔ(dng)Ȼĺľsһc(din)ҲF(xin)̎ڷ]ԵҹԴĻđB(ti)֮£䡰顱MäĿr(ji)ֵ^вɡǬF(xin)ķ⽨xĖ|ġӢĻĸfǂ(g)Ե`F(xin)W(xu)Ҫ׷֮֮֮҂fӰȫЇ(gu)򄡬F(xin)M(jn)̣@һ(g)(zhng)Œ(sh)P(gun)@N|(zh)⚤c(ni)IJy(tng)һڸf^@ӸԷĸûʮ(dng)Ȼѽ(jng)ˇg(sh)˥΢Ę(bio)־ͬr(sh)Ҳmӳă(ni)؄eǑ{ƴQă(ni)ݡ[20]90S|(zh)xÛcĻ̓ƽӹ֮L(fng)@һF(xin)А԰l(f)չЇ(gu)ʽV滯ġ^xԡԷĸûʡwҲʾˇg(sh)˥΢^ȡ˃(ni)g(sh)ȡˇg(sh)xʽȡȡ˄(chung)йٴ̼ȡˌ[21]򄡾ήsČW(xu)λ߅o(j)֮@һF(xin)ձP(gun)ע

        Y(ji)Z(y)

        20o(j)Ї(gu)򄡸S(gu)(hu)ĬF(xin)M(jn)̣l(f)(f)s׃c(jng)(j)Ļ׃“(lin)ϵc(hu)˼˵ĠB(ti)m(yng)m(x)y(tng)Ļ|(zh)Ļă(yu)ɹ(ni)c|(zh)⚤кܴĸº̈́(chung)Щ(yu)đ򄡣ʹЇ(gu)˽w(yn)Լʽh(hun)?sh)ʘԼpԼJ(rn)R(sh)ԼԼAԼĶ_ؾĿg(yu)Ļh(hun)@ЩÑ?q)ʷ棬ɞ?jng)

        cF(xin)R(sh)ȁĻЇ(gu)ĻĜYԴcF(xin)(sh)ҪڑI(lng)׃һ_ʼF(xin)x֮dwЇ(gu)֮F(xin)͡ԒQcЇ(gu)֮ŵ䄡͡ĸĶʹǧ겻׃ġһԪB(ti)׃?yu)顰ԒԪB(ti)Ї(gu)򄡰l(f)չĻ(dng)ֻdžcF(xin)R(sh)wF(xin)҂?c)ʮǰġЇ?gu)F(xin)ʷ塷ѽ(jng)ָ^˵xxۇ(gu)xԼ(chung)ϵĬF(xin)(sh)xȻں50꣬򄡵ĬF(xin)M(jn)˸(f)sҲyR(sh)eۺ?yn)AM(jn)oԸӡF(xin)ĸXĸĽyʹЇ(gu)Xѡ`XcF(xin)R(sh)(jng)vˏ⵽ؽۚv̡

        R˼xc(hu)xȻ(hu)M(jn)׷F(xin)ֻܰM(jn)һl(f)չ˵@ЩQܸc“(lin)ϵ20o(j)50ĚvʷV҂c@ЩF(xin)R(sh)֮“(lin)ϵ(jng)(j)Ļܽl(f)չ(hu)˼˾ͳMݡF(xin)򄡾񡱾͕(hu)ߓP(yng)֮@N“(lin)ϵӖ(xn)ʮ֑Kʹ@һc(din)Hı(du)ijЩr(sh)ǡĸr(sh)ڑ򄡵u(png)оͿ÷dzʹm(yng)(jng)(j)ĻĸĸM(jn)(hu)˼˵M(jn)˞鱾O(sh)C(hu)Ї(gu)F(xin)˜I(y)ҵԼǡ(dng)λãЇ(gu)򄡽ͬһ(hu)҂(yng)еŬ

        --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        [1] ꐰ׉mЇ(gu)F(xin)ʷ塷1(y)Ї(gu)򄡳1989

        [2] []ղءR(k)֮SСg151(y)VW(xu)2001

        [3] []ER˾^F(xin)ԥ g181188(y)Ϻgij1996

        [4] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615ա

        [5] ﱾ һ܊`ꡪخLՄ䛡2542(y)K2001

        [6] []h˹W񡤼_(d)ĬchgϾ14(y)Ϻgij1999

        [7] []R˼ڸ񠖷܌W(xu)С(do)ԡҊR˼˹xһ15(y)1972

        [8] ͽ𣺡S䛡811(y)x֪“(lin)1987

        [9] o(j)ƣСƽͬ־S20048 ڡ

        [10] []׌ſˡR󣺡ՓƌW(xu)cˇg(sh)21(y)̄(w)ӡ^1960

        [11] []²^(hu)35(y)ϾW(xu)2006ע^һ~҂?c)Õr(sh)J(rn)g鎧Hxġ^ԭ

        [12] ?jin)ƣf(wn)ҟ𡷣(chung)ӛ203(y)Ї(gu)2004

        [13] R˼˹xһ273(y)1972

        [14] ѸĻƫՓѸȫһ5057(y)ČW(xu)1981

        [15] mBԼ˼롷mļ511512(y)W(xu)1998

        [16] ѸĻƫՓѸȫһ5057(y)ČW(xu)1981

        [17] 棨˹꣩f(wn)֮ԭ³һ1̖(ho)191911գ

        [18] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615ա

        [19] Ѹȫʮ391(y)ČW(xu)1981

        [20] []ڸ񠖣W(xu)❓gƒ(c)281(y)̄(w)ӡ^1981档

        [21] ՓЇ(gu)(dng)򄡾ήsͲSx˼m(x)121(y)ϾW(xu)2006

        P(gun)~ Ї(gu)(dng)

        c(din)x

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