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          動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(一) 動(dòng)詞是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)所表示的動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有16種時(shí)態(tài),但是常用的只有9種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)

          行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。下面分別介紹。1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1) 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作;表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征和真理。句中常用 often,

          usually, every day 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:a. He goes to school every day.b. He is very happy.c.The earth moves around the sun.2) 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在

          時(shí)表示將來(lái)。例如:a. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.b. When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside.3) 有時(shí)這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(句中都

          帶有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)),但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。例如:a. The meeting begins at seven.b. The rain starts at

          nine in the morning.4) 表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。a. I like English very much.b. The story sound very

          interesting.5) 書報(bào)的標(biāo)題、小說(shuō)等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1) 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或過(guò)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。a. He saw Mr. Wang yesterday.b. He

          worked in a factory in 1986.2)表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 , 也可用 “used to “ 和“would + 動(dòng)詞原形”。 I used to smoke. During the vacation I wouldm in the sea.

          注:”used to “ 表示過(guò)去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。“would + 動(dòng)詞原形”沒(méi)有 “現(xiàn)在不再……”含義。另外“to be used to +名詞(動(dòng)名詞)”表示“習(xí)慣于…..”

          a. I am used to the climate here.b. He is used tomming in winter.3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其表達(dá)形式除了 “ will 或 shall + 動(dòng)詞原形 ”表示即

          將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。It is going to rain.We are going to have a meeting today.2)“be to + 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見。The boy is to go to school

          tomorrow.Are we to go on with this work?3) “be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 We are about to leave.4) go ,

          come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。I’m leaving for Beijing.5) 某些動(dòng)詞(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay

          等)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示將來(lái)。The meeting starts at five o’clock.He gets off at the next stop.4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“to be + 現(xiàn)在

          分詞” 構(gòu)成。另外, “系動(dòng)詞 + 介詞或副詞” 也表示進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義。What are you doing? The bridge is under construction.2) 表示感覺、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞(如have, be ,

          here, se, like 等 ) 一般不用進(jìn)行。5.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法1) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻、某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由 “ was (were) + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。In 1980 he was studying in a

          university.He was reading a novel when I came in.6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由 “have + 過(guò)去分詞其使用有兩種情況:1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話之前已完成,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在

          有影響。句中沒(méi)有具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。He has gone to Fuzhou.He has been to Fuzhou.2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去常用 for 和since表示一段時(shí)間

          的狀語(yǔ)或so far , now, today, this wek (month, year ) 等表示包括現(xiàn)在內(nèi)的狀語(yǔ)。He has studied English for 5 years.He has studied English since 1985.Now I have finished

          the work..注意:表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞(如come, go , die, marry, buy 等)的完成時(shí)不能與for, since 等 表示一般時(shí)間的詞連用。3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可用時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,

          表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。I’ll go o your home when I have finished my homework.If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法1) 過(guò)

          去完成時(shí)由“had + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。句中常用by, before, until, when 等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。By the

          end of last year we had built five new houses.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到

          過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去。Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.8.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看來(lái)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由

          “should 或 would + 動(dòng)詞原形” 構(gòu)成。第一人稱用should, 其他人稱用would.They were sure that they would succeed.9.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由 “ have (has)+

          been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,表示現(xiàn)在以前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。有些動(dòng)詞(work, study, live, teach 等) 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)意思差不多。I have worked here for three years.I

          have been working here for three years.但多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在這兩種時(shí)態(tài)表示不同意思I have been writing a letter.注意:表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞(finish, marry, get up, come, go 等)不

          能用這種時(shí)態(tài)。(二) 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)的形式叫主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作承受者時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的形式叫被動(dòng)作語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)

          成,時(shí)態(tài)通過(guò)be 表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):You are required to do this.2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí):The story was told by her.3) 一般將來(lái)時(shí):The problem will be discussed tomorrow.4

          ) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):The road is being widened.5) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):The new tool was being made.6) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):The novel has been read.7) 過(guò)去完成時(shí):He said that the work had

          been finished.8) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí):He said that the trees would be planted soon.2. 一些特殊的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)1) 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):The problem must be solved soon.2) 帶不定式

          的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):The room is going to be painted.The homework needs to be done with care.3) 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng):a.(不及物)動(dòng)詞+介詞:若這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物性的,則可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)

          態(tài)中,如:laugh at, look after, talk about, think of 等。若這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物性的則不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,如:book up, look down. 等b.(及物)動(dòng)詞+副詞:bring about,

          carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out等c. 動(dòng)詞+副詞 +介詞:do away with, face up to, give into ,look down upon, make

          up with等d. 動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞:catch sight of, keep on eye on, make a fool of , pay attention to , put an end to , set fire/light to , take notice of 等4) 帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)

          詞在改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。We always keep the classroom clean.(比較:The classroom is always kept clean.)5)主動(dòng)形式

          表示被動(dòng)意義的詞。常見的有:a.主動(dòng)形式,這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞同句中的主語(yǔ)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。The children need looking after.The windows wants /requires repairing.This point deserves

          mentioning.b.有些及物動(dòng)詞后須加副詞 (如:well, easily等), 有些可不加,如:act, clean, cut, draw, lock, open, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write 等。The

          cloth washes/ sells well.The door won’t shut. The play won’t act.c. 形容詞worth后直接加動(dòng)名詞時(shí),如:The book is worth reading twice.某些作表語(yǔ)的形容詞后,用不定式主

          動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。The fish is not fit to eat.d. 某些感官動(dòng)詞(如:feel, look, prove, smell , sound, taste, wear等) 與形容詞連用時(shí):The water feels very cold.The

          dish tastes delicious.6) 以下動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的句子不能改為被動(dòng)句:a. 動(dòng)詞leave, enter, reach 等的賓語(yǔ)是表示處所、地點(diǎn)(國(guó)家、團(tuán)體,組織、軍隊(duì))等。b. 表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如:

          become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, suit, look like等。c. 下列不及物動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ):appear, belong to , break out, die, happen, lie,

          occur, rise, take place, agree with, belong to, consist of , have on, keep up with 及一些固定詞組,如 keep words, lose heart, make a face等。d. 賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞,相互代

          詞,同源代詞,不定式,動(dòng)名詞,抽象名詞等。7)漢語(yǔ)有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ),在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如:據(jù)說(shuō)…… 希望……據(jù)推測(cè)說(shuō)… 必須承認(rèn)……必須指出… 眾所周知…

          …有人會(huì)說(shuō)….. 大家認(rèn)為…..有人相信……there be 小結(jié)1. 基本結(jié)構(gòu) :There be +主語(yǔ) + 地點(diǎn) /時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如: There is a computer in the room. 房間里有一臺(tái)電腦!here are

          two TV plays every evening. 每晚有兩場(chǎng)電視劇。2. 主謂一致: 要采取就近一致原則,和* 近be的主語(yǔ)一致。如: There is a pen, two rulers in the box. 盒子里有一只鋼筆,兩

          把尺子。There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate. 門口有兩個(gè)男孩,一個(gè)老師。3. 主語(yǔ)后的動(dòng)詞形式:在there be 句型中,主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞;是被動(dòng)

          關(guān)系時(shí)用過(guò)去分詞。如: There is a purse lying on the ground. 地上有一個(gè)錢包。There are five minutes left now. 現(xiàn)在還有5分鐘。4. 反意疑問(wèn)句。反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)與there be對(duì)應(yīng)

          ,而不是依據(jù)主語(yǔ)。如:There is a radio on the table, isn"t there? 桌子上有一臺(tái)收音機(jī),是吧? There are more than fifty classes in your school, aren"t there? 你們班有50

          多名學(xué)生,是吧?5. there be 與have的替換:there be表示所屬時(shí)可與have替換!here is nothing but a book in my bag. =I have nothing but a book in my bag. 包里只有一本書

          !6. there be后接不定式時(shí)常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:There is a lot of work to do. 有許多工作要做。注意:當(dāng)該句型主語(yǔ)是something, anything, nothing等不定代詞時(shí),后

          面的不定式用主動(dòng)形式或被動(dòng)形式,意義各不同!here is nothing to do. 沒(méi)有事可做!here is nothing to be done. 沒(méi)有辦法(束手無(wú)策)。7. 與其它詞連用,構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。如

         。篢here may be a rain this afternoon. 今天下午可能有雨。There used to be a cinema here before the war. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前,這兒有一家電影院。 8. 變體 there be結(jié)構(gòu)中的be有時(shí)可

          用live, stand, remain等代替。如:Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else. 從前有位國(guó)王喜歡新服勝過(guò)別的任何東西!9. 習(xí)慣用語(yǔ):

          There is no good /use (in) doing sth. 做某事沒(méi)有好處/用處;There is not a moment to lose. 一刻也不能耽誤。例如:There is no good making friends with him. 和他交朋友沒(méi)

          有什么好處!e is very ill. Send him to hospital. There"s not a moment to lose. 他病得厲害,把他送到醫(yī)院去,一刻也不能耽誤。

          

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