施肥調(diào)整對(duì)昭通烤煙生長(zhǎng)及煙葉品質(zhì)的影響

　　摘 要：針對(duì)昭通當(dāng)?shù)責(zé)熑~質(zhì)量難以滿足卷煙企業(yè)對(duì)原煙品質(zhì)的更高要求，2010—2011年研究了在常規(guī)施肥基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的施肥方法調(diào)整和養(yǎng)分配比調(diào)整對(duì)煙株生長(zhǎng)及品質(zhì)的影響。結(jié)果表明：（1）綜合2年農(nóng)藝性狀結(jié)果，以施肥方法調(diào)整相對(duì)更好；2010年病蟲(chóng)害總體以2個(gè)施肥調(diào)整處理抗性更好；（2）較常規(guī)相比，2個(gè)施肥調(diào)整能不同程度的增產(chǎn)、增值，以養(yǎng)分配比調(diào)整效果更好；（3）烤后葉長(zhǎng)、葉寬和單葉重差異不大，含梗率和葉面密度總體以養(yǎng)分配比調(diào)整相對(duì)更好；（4）2個(gè)施肥調(diào)整處理初烤煙葉的總糖、還原糖含量較常規(guī)高，3個(gè)處理其他化學(xué)成分含量較接近；（5）與常規(guī)相比，施肥方法調(diào)整和養(yǎng)分配比調(diào)整評(píng)吸總分分別增加了4.1和3.0分，質(zhì)量均提高了2個(gè)檔次。綜上所述，當(dāng)?shù)噩F(xiàn)有施肥模式尚有調(diào)整優(yōu)化空間，2個(gè)施肥調(diào)整均有明顯的提質(zhì)增產(chǎn)效果，以養(yǎng)分配比調(diào)整效果更為顯著。
　　關(guān)鍵詞：烤煙；施肥；優(yōu)化；產(chǎn)量；質(zhì)量
　　中圖分類號(hào)：S572.045 文章編號(hào)：1007-5119（2014）06-0032-06 DOI：10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2014.06.007
　　Abstract： Because tobacco leaf quality in Zhaotong could not meet the higher requirements of cigarette enterprises for raw tobacco quality， Field experiment were conducted to study the effect of adjusting fertilization on the tobacco growth and leaf quality from 2010 to 2011， including local conventional fertilization， adjusting the fertilizing method and adjusting the nutrients ratio. The results showed that， adjusting fertilizer method was the best in term of the agronomic attributes for the two years. Adjusting fertilizer method and adjusting nutrients ratio treatments improved disease resistance in 2010. Compared with conventional fertilizer application， adjusting fertilizer treatment increased yield and economic value in different levels， and the effect of adjusting nutrients ratio was better. There were little difference among leaf length， leaf width and leaf weight among treatments. Percentage of stem and leaf density of adjusting nutrients ratio was relatively better than others. Total sugar and reducing sugar for adjusting fertilizer treatment were higher than conventional fertilization. The two total scores for adjusting fertilizer method and adjusting nutrients ratio treatments increased by 4.1 and 3 points， respectively， and the quality improved by 2 grades. In conclusion， adjusting fertilizer method and adjusting nutrients ratio treatment can improve quality and increase yield， but the later treatment was more effectively.
　　Keywords： flue-cured tobacco； fertilization； optimization； yield； quality
　　我國(guó)烤煙種植面積和消費(fèi)量均居世界首位，煙葉生產(chǎn)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中占有相當(dāng)重要的地位。但就我國(guó)煙葉質(zhì)量特色和總體結(jié)構(gòu)而言，與卷煙工業(yè)需求尚有較大差距。施肥是影響烤煙品質(zhì)的主要因素之一，其中以氮、磷、鉀三要素影響尤為明顯。目前，關(guān)于氮、磷、鉀肥用量[1-8]、不同肥料配比[9-14]、追
　　基肥比例[15-16]、施用方法[17-20]等對(duì)烤煙產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響已有較多報(bào)道，但這些研究多集中于三要素中某一因子對(duì)煙草生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育或烤后煙葉某一品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的影響，煙株生長(zhǎng)中三因子交互作用的研究也僅局限于為某一煙區(qū)或某一土壤類型或某一品種提供適宜的肥料配比。而我國(guó)烤煙種植范圍廣，氣候條件和土壤條件差異大，且不同烤煙品種的生長(zhǎng)有其自身的營(yíng)養(yǎng)規(guī)律和品質(zhì)要求，其對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收數(shù)量和狀況也就各不相同。因此，如何進(jìn)行合理施氮、有效施磷、高效施鉀以實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)適產(chǎn)一直是煙草栽培的關(guān)鍵。
　　昭通是全國(guó)31個(gè)重點(diǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)烤煙產(chǎn)區(qū)之一，昭通煙葉以內(nèi)在化學(xué)成分協(xié)調(diào)性好、清香型風(fēng)格明顯、香氣尚足贏得全國(guó)多家名牌卷煙企業(yè)青睞。但由于長(zhǎng)期一種施肥模式，且當(dāng)?shù)赜袡C(jī)肥不足，同時(shí)煙株對(duì)養(yǎng)分的選擇性吸收，導(dǎo)致土壤養(yǎng)分比例失調(diào)，加之烤煙優(yōu)質(zhì)適產(chǎn)的養(yǎng)分規(guī)律得不到滿足等問(wèn)題已經(jīng)造成當(dāng)?shù)責(zé)熑~質(zhì)量難以滿足卷煙企業(yè)對(duì)原煙品質(zhì)的更高要求。因此，昭通現(xiàn)有烤煙施肥模式如何調(diào)整值得探討。基于此，本研究對(duì)改進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)乜緹熓┓史椒ê宛B(yǎng)分配比進(jìn)行了探討，以期為當(dāng)?shù)乜茖W(xué)施肥，提高煙葉工業(yè)可用性提供理論依據(jù)。

相關(guān)熱詞搜索：昭通 烤煙 煙葉 施肥 生長(zhǎng)