鐵皮石斛藥材不同加工方法的比較

　　【摘要】鐵皮石斛是名貴中藥材，傳統(tǒng)鐵皮楓斗加工過程復雜、成本較高且服用不方便。本研究以在兩個地點采集的鐵皮石斛鮮條為材料，以傳統(tǒng)楓斗加工法作對照，分別采用6種不同方法對鐵皮石斛進行加工，使用硫酸-苯酚法測定其中多糖的含量并進行比較。結果表明：六種加工鐵皮石斛藥材的折干率均為34%左右，無統(tǒng)計學差異；多糖含量變幅在3497%～5419%之間，處理間差異達極顯著水平，與對照相比，以鮮條切斷曬干效果最差，多糖含量僅為3697%；烘烤-揉搓后切片烤干效果最好，多糖含量高達5419%；說明鐵皮石斛鮮條不宜直接曬干，需選擇合適的加工方式。邊烤邊揉再切片烘干與傳統(tǒng)工藝相比加工方式簡單，有可迅速干燥藥材和保留有效成分，成品為干片，更便于服用，是替代楓斗的較好加工方法。
　　【關鍵詞】鐵皮石斛；多糖含量；加工方法；質(zhì)量比較
　　【中圖分類號】R2824【文獻標志碼】 A【文章編號】1007-8517（2015）01-0039-03
　　Abstract：Dendrobium officinale Kimura etMigo is a valuable Chinese medicinal materials.The traditional machining process of Tiepi Fengdou is complicated，high-cost and inconvenient taking. In this study ，the materials of fresh Dendrobium candidum was collected in two locations.The processing of Dendrobium was used in 6 different methods， compared with the content of polysaccharides about traditional processing ，which determined by phenol - sulfuric acid method. The results showed that： the six processing Dendrobium medicinal materials drying rate was about 34%， no significant difference； the content of polysaccharide were between the 3497%～5419% ， the difference among treatments reached significant level. Compared with the CK， fresh Dendrobium by cut and dried effect was the worst， the content of polysaccharide was only 3697%. Compared with the CK，fresh Dendrobium by cut and dried effect was the worst， the content of polysaccharide was only 3697%；bake - rub-cut effect was the best， the content of polysaccharide was up to 5419%. Fresh Dendrobium candidum could not be directly dried， need to choose thesuitable processing method. Take - rub-cut effect compared with traditional technics processing mode was simple， drying rapidly herbs and keeping the effective components. The finished product for dry tablets were taking more convenient， which was a better method to the processing of Dendrobium.
　　Keywords：Dendrobium officinale Kimura etMigo；polysaccharide content；processing method；comparison of quality
　　鐵皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo）蘭科石斛屬植物的干燥莖，是我國傳統(tǒng)名貴珍稀中藥材，藥用和經(jīng)濟價值高[1]，有健脾養(yǎng)胃、滋陰補腎、潤肺生津等功效，用于治療慢性萎縮性胃炎、高血壓、糖尿病、抗腫瘤、抗衰老等[2]。在《道藏》、《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》、《備急千金藥方》和《本草綱目》等諸多中醫(yī)藥書中，都對鐵皮石斛有載�！兜啦亍贩Q鐵皮石斛具有滋陰補虛、生津潤肺等功效。鐵皮石斛主要成分為石斛多糖[3]。常以多糖含量的高低或以口嚼黏、纖維少等來判斷某一石斛類藥材質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣[4，5]。
　　由于新鮮的鐵皮石斛不能長久保存，通常加工成干品，如鐵皮楓斗[6 ]等，不易霉爛、蟲蛀和變質(zhì)。鐵皮石斛的加工，2010年版《中國藥典》[7]規(guī)定有2種方法：一是邊加熱邊扭成螺旋形或彈簧狀，烘干，習稱“鐵皮楓斗”；二是切成段，干燥或低溫烘干。鐵皮石斛莖段干燥后的藥材習稱鐵皮楓斗或西楓斗。傳統(tǒng)的鐵皮石斛“楓斗”加工，其工藝技術一定程度上完全靠手法、憑經(jīng)驗，楓斗的成品率、品質(zhì)完全依賴于加工者的技術熟練程度，即怎樣更好地掌握加工過程中的 “火候”。因此，在加工過程中受人為因素的影響較大。而且加工過程費時、費力，每公斤的加工費高達幾百元甚至上千元，有的甚至不能完全達到衛(wèi)生和環(huán)保要求。

相關熱詞搜索：石斛 鐵皮 藥材 加工 方法