煙稻連作田施用不同氮磷鉀配比肥料對(duì)烤煙抗病性的影響

　　摘要[目的] 為了研究煙稻連作田施肥與烤煙生長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。[方法] 在湖南瀏陽(yáng)煙稻連作田進(jìn)行烤煙3個(gè)氮磷鉀配比肥料試驗(yàn)，N∶P2O5∶K2O比例分別為1.0∶1.0∶3.5、1.0∶1.0∶3.0、1.0∶2.0∶2.0， 分別以處理①～③表示。[結(jié)果] 基肥氮磷鉀配比對(duì)烤煙葉面積、葉面積指數(shù)及其變化過(guò)程的影響不大；處理②和③的烤煙節(jié)間距比處理①有所減小；除煙草花葉病外，處理①和②的黑脛病、青枯病發(fā)病率在0.05水平顯著低于處理③，處理②3種病害發(fā)病率最低；3個(gè)處理煙葉氮、磷、鈣、鎂、硫含量相差很小，處理 ①煙葉鉀含量比處理②和③高，肥料中鉀肥含量高有利于煙葉鉀含量的提高。[結(jié)論]不同氮磷鉀配比肥料對(duì)烤煙生長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生影響，其中處理②對(duì)黑脛病和青枯病發(fā)病率的影響最低。
　　關(guān)鍵詞烤煙；肥料；連作；病害
　　中圖分類號(hào)S572文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)0517-6611（2014）02-00424-02
　　Abstract[Objective] The research aimed to study the relationship between fertilizers and tobacco growth. [Method] An experiment including three fertilizers of differential proportion of N，P and K were practiced in tobaccorice succession cropping field at Liuyang in Hunan Province. N∶P2O5∶K2O of treatment ①～③ was 1.0∶1.0∶3.5，1.0∶1.0∶3.0 and 1.0∶2.0∶2.0，respectively. [Result] NPK proportion of basic fertilizers had less effect on tobacco leaves areas，index of leaf areas and its course. Tobacco burl distances of treatment ② and ③ were shorter than that of treatment ①. Except tobacco mosaic disease，the phytophthora and ralstonia solanacearum rate of treatment ① and ② were lower significantly than those of treatment ③. That of treatment ② was the lowest of them. The content of nitrogen， phosphorus， calcium， magnesium and sulfur in tobacco leaves was similar basically among the treatments. The potassium content of treatment ① was higher than that of treatment ② or ③. The high potassium content of fertilizer could improve the potassium content of tobacco leaves. [Conclusion] The proportion of N，P and K fertilizers had the effects on tobacco growth. The phytophthora and ralstonia solanacearum rate of treatment ② were lower than that of treatment ① or ③.
　　Key words Fluecured tobacco； Fertilizer； Succession cropping； Disease
　　烤煙是我國(guó)重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一。煙葉產(chǎn)量和烤煙種植面積均居世界第一[1]�？緹熓羌蛇B作作物[2]。連作對(duì)烤煙產(chǎn)量和煙葉品質(zhì)有不利的影響。晉艷等[3]對(duì)烤煙連續(xù)4年進(jìn)行定位連作和輪作的對(duì)比研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)連作烤煙的田間長(zhǎng)勢(shì)、產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值和外觀質(zhì)量均低于輪作，連作烤煙的產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值、中上等煙比例和均價(jià)分別為輪作的59.12%、29.93%、52.07%和50.06%。王連君等[4]對(duì)連作煙田土壤養(yǎng)分的變化進(jìn)行了研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)連作2年煙田土壤養(yǎng)分變化不大，但烤煙連作3年以后土壤全氮和速效鉀含量降低，全磷、堿解氮和速效磷含量有所增加，土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量降低，pH上升。丁海兵等[5]研究了烤煙連作對(duì)煙田不同粒級(jí)土壤酶活性變化的影響。施肥是現(xiàn)代煙草生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)必需環(huán)節(jié)。人們十分希望通過(guò)合理施肥提高烤煙抗病性，克服烤煙連作障礙。目前，大量的研究表明氮素的施用量在一定水平時(shí)能夠增強(qiáng)作物對(duì)病害的抵抗力，但超過(guò)此施氮水平后，對(duì)作物抗病性有負(fù)作用[6-11]。磷鉀與其他養(yǎng)分[7，12-17]的協(xié)調(diào)施用及作物對(duì)養(yǎng)分的均衡吸收可以增強(qiáng)作物的抗病性，尤其是鉀肥的施用和作物體內(nèi)鉀含量的提高能夠顯著增強(qiáng)作物對(duì)病害的抵抗力。姚玉霞等[18]研究了烤煙野火病發(fā)病率與煙葉內(nèi)氮素含量之間的關(guān)系，發(fā)現(xiàn)煙葉氮素含量越高，野火病發(fā)病率越高。高潔等[19]研究了氮、鉀肥的施用量與烤煙野火病發(fā)病率的關(guān)系，發(fā)現(xiàn)氮肥施用量越大，烤煙野火病發(fā)病率越高；鉀肥施用量越高，烤煙野火病發(fā)病率越低。目前，關(guān)于施用不同氮、磷、鉀配比肥料對(duì)烤煙病害發(fā)生影響的報(bào)道較少。為此，筆者觀察了不同氮、磷、鉀配比肥料在煙稻連作區(qū)對(duì)烤煙部分病害發(fā)病率的影響。
　　1.3調(diào)查項(xiàng)目與方法在每個(gè)小區(qū)固定能代表整個(gè)小區(qū)長(zhǎng)勢(shì)的煙株3株，移栽后約7 d測(cè)量葉長(zhǎng)和葉寬，在煙葉采收結(jié)束時(shí)測(cè)量煙株的節(jié)間距，在目標(biāo)病害發(fā)病高峰期調(diào)查病株數(shù)，在烘烤結(jié)束后取煙葉樣品測(cè)定礦質(zhì)成分含量。

相關(guān)熱詞搜索：抗病性 連作 烤煙 施用 配比