[游覽盧浮宮] 盧浮宮講解

　　我最早知道盧浮宮是在少年時(shí)代。那時(shí)候我剛剛學(xué)習(xí)美術(shù)，幾乎每個(gè)星期天都去書(shū)店或圖書(shū)館，費(fèi)盡心思尋覓那些可以開(kāi)闊眼界、啟發(fā)思路的經(jīng)典之作。許多書(shū)中描述的盧浮宮于是不知不覺(jué)就在我心中占據(jù)了永遠(yuǎn)也抹不掉的位置，蒙娜麗莎、維納斯也就成了一個(gè)求學(xué)少年頂禮膜拜的女神……
　　2003年的秋天和2004年的春天，借中法文化年攝影家交流項(xiàng)目的機(jī)會(huì)，我終于來(lái)到了巴黎，走進(jìn)了盧浮宮。
　　盧浮宮位于巴黎市中心塞納河北岸，是世界上最著名、最大的藝術(shù)寶庫(kù)之一。宮內(nèi)收藏的藝術(shù)珍品達(dá)40萬(wàn)件之多，是名副其實(shí)的萬(wàn)寶之宮。
　　盧浮宮本身就是一件巨大的建筑藝術(shù)的瑰寶，占地面積19.8公頃，全長(zhǎng)680米，是歐洲最雄偉、最大的宮殿建筑。其壯觀的柱廊，華麗的塔樓，精美的雕刻，富麗堂皇的陳設(shè)，處處都顯示出其建筑藝術(shù)之精湛絕倫。
　　盧浮宮有三大展館:黎塞留館、敘利館和德農(nóng)館，分為地下一層（展廳入口）、一層、二層和三層。展廳入口處擺放著由中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室贊助印制的中文版《盧浮宮博物館導(dǎo)游圖》，供人免費(fèi)取用，讓我們這些來(lái)自中國(guó)的觀眾感到格外親切。盧浮宮的展品共分為九大部分：盧浮宮的歷史和中世紀(jì)的盧浮宮，古代東方文物、伊斯蘭藝術(shù)，古代埃及文物，古代希臘、伊特魯利亞及古羅馬文物，雕塑，工藝品，繪畫(huà)，書(shū)畫(huà)刻印藝術(shù)，以及剛剛于2004年向公眾開(kāi)放的非洲、亞洲、大洋洲及美洲藝術(shù)。
　　“盧浮宮的歷史”和“中世紀(jì)的盧浮宮”這兩個(gè)展廳展示了盧浮宮的建筑歷史和演變過(guò)程，從菲利浦?奧古斯特1190年建造的被稱之為“盧巴哈”的要塞城堡（即后來(lái)的盧浮宮），到著名美籍華裔建筑師貝聿銘和其他建筑師在“大盧浮宮”計(jì)劃中的改建工程。說(shuō)到貝聿銘，不禁使我想起這位大師當(dāng)年設(shè)計(jì)盧浮宮金字塔入口處的故事。那年他64歲，被法國(guó)總統(tǒng)密特朗邀請(qǐng)參加盧浮宮改建，并為盧浮宮設(shè)計(jì)了一座全新的風(fēng)格非常前衛(wèi)的玻璃金字塔形建筑。當(dāng)時(shí)法國(guó)人非常不滿，說(shuō)這會(huì)毀了“法國(guó)美人”的容貌，高喊著“巴黎不要金字塔”、“交出盧浮宮”。翻譯都嚇倒了，幾乎沒(méi)有辦法為他翻譯出他想答辯的話。后來(lái)金字塔獲得了巨大的成功，改建之后參觀人數(shù)比以前翻了一倍，法國(guó)人稱贊“金字塔是盧浮宮里飛來(lái)的一顆巨大的寶石”，貝聿銘也被法國(guó)總統(tǒng)授予了法國(guó)最高榮譽(yù)獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆Ｕ驹诮鹱炙�入口處，看著熙熙攘攘�?lái)自全世界的觀眾出出進(jìn)進(jìn)，我真為貝聿銘這位華人建筑大師感到驕傲。
　　由于時(shí)間匆忙，我們實(shí)在無(wú)法全部欣賞盧浮宮的珍寶。在法國(guó)朋友的建議下，我們選取了一條特快通道，先去欣賞盧浮宮的三件鎮(zhèn)館之寶：雕塑維納斯女神、勝利女神和繪畫(huà)《蒙娜麗莎》。
　　維納斯女神又稱米羅島的維納斯，也稱阿芙羅蒂特。這尊高2.04米的雕像陳列在盧浮宮的一層，它使無(wú)數(shù)觀眾為之傾倒。雕像半裸著身軀，顯得十分自然、端莊，被認(rèn)為是表現(xiàn)女性美的最杰出作品。雕像是1820年在希臘米羅島的一個(gè)山洞里發(fā)現(xiàn)的，同年被法國(guó)公使館的秘書(shū)買(mǎi)去獻(xiàn)給路易十八，1921年即收藏于盧浮宮�！睹琢_島的維納斯》所表現(xiàn)的是古希臘神話傳說(shuō)中愛(ài)與美的女神阿芙羅蒂特，“維納斯”是女神的羅馬名稱。雕像神態(tài)優(yōu)美動(dòng)人，雕刻技巧精妙，至今誰(shuí)也無(wú)法復(fù)原其斷去的雙臂，給人以無(wú)限的遐想。
　　另外一件受人矚目的展品是創(chuàng)作于公元前3世紀(jì)的《薩摩屈拉克勝利女神》，即勝利女神像。她被置于二樓的樓梯口，高3.28米，從三個(gè)方向都可以看到她迎風(fēng)展翅的美姿。她于1863年在希臘出土，出土?xí)r已經(jīng)失去頭部與雙手。但她昂首挺胸，健美的身軀仍然向人們宣示著勝利的到來(lái)。據(jù)說(shuō)，這是雕塑家為紀(jì)念希臘羅地島一場(chǎng)海戰(zhàn)的勝利而作。專家們把她評(píng)價(jià)為雕像中表現(xiàn)熱情奔放與動(dòng)態(tài)的最完美的作品。
　　當(dāng)然，我最急切想看到的還是達(dá)?芬奇的油畫(huà)作品《蒙娜麗莎》。她被譽(yù)為世界繪畫(huà)的“明珠”，每天都吸引著成千上萬(wàn)的觀眾。盧浮宮博物館為觀眾著想，一進(jìn)展館，就有指引你去尋找這幅名畫(huà)的路標(biāo)。很多與我們一樣時(shí)間緊迫的觀眾，第一選擇就是去先睹《蒙娜麗莎》的風(fēng)采。這幅名畫(huà)所描繪的是一位普通的意大利少婦，她衣著樸實(shí)無(wú)華，既沒(méi)有珠光寶氣的飾品，也沒(méi)有耀眼奪目的花邊絲帶，她那神秘的微笑，令人捉摸不透，又讓人過(guò)目難忘；似乎是高興，又似乎有點(diǎn)生氣；似乎是喜歡你，又似乎有點(diǎn)蔑視你。無(wú)論你站在什么位置去看她，她也總是在看你。在離《蒙娜麗莎》很遠(yuǎn)的地方，已經(jīng)開(kāi)始排起了長(zhǎng)隊(duì)，人們一步步向前挪動(dòng)著。2003年秋天還允許拍照的地方，2004年的春天就出現(xiàn)了高聲催促觀眾并嚴(yán)禁拍照的黑人女警察。那怒目呵斥的形象與身后畫(huà)面中慈眉善目的美麗少婦形成了鮮明的對(duì)比。這幅由世界卓越的繪畫(huà)藝術(shù)大師達(dá)?芬奇花了4年多時(shí)間才完成的杰作，僅高1米，寬70厘米，與那些懸掛于不遠(yuǎn)墻上的描寫(xiě)宮廷奢華生活的巨幅油畫(huà)相比，乍一看還真不起眼，但她那力透紙背的藝術(shù)魅力卻不知迷倒了全世界多少像我一樣的觀眾。
　　3個(gè)多小時(shí)的時(shí)間飛快地流逝，我期待了幾十年的夢(mèng)想即將結(jié)束，心中多少有些無(wú)奈與遺憾，因?yàn)榇颐χ�中我們只能觀賞到這座巨大的藝術(shù)寶庫(kù)中極少部分作品。然而，法國(guó)人很幸福。聽(tīng)說(shuō)，在法國(guó)所有國(guó)立博物館免費(fèi)為教師及18歲以下的年輕人開(kāi)放，為他們組織專場(chǎng)講解。享譽(yù)世界的這座盧浮宮每年接待幾百萬(wàn)參觀者，其中一半是學(xué)生�？茖W(xué)與藝術(shù)教育不斷喚醒著法國(guó)人的敏感，催生著法國(guó)人的創(chuàng)造力。我想，不僅法國(guó)人，每一位步出金字塔入口處的觀眾，都會(huì)深深感受到盧浮宮那種令人難以估量的美學(xué)、歷史學(xué)以及人類(lèi)學(xué)的巨大價(jià)值，完成一次精神上的真正洗禮吧。
　　
　　In the autumn of 2003 and the spring of 2004, taking advantage of a photographic exchange project held between Shandong Province in China and Brittany in France during the Chinese-French Culture Year, I had the opportunity to visit Paris and tour the Louvre twice.
　　The Louvre is located on the northern bank of the Seine, which flows through the downtown area of Paris. As the most famous and largest art treasury in the world, the Louvre has a vast collection of more than 400,000 art treasures from all over the world.
　　The Louvre itself is a giant example of architectural art. Covering an area of 19.8 hectares with a total length of 680 meters, the Louvre is the most magnificent and largest palace building in Europe. The splendid column corridors, beautiful turrets, exquisite sculptures, and magnificent displays all make its architectural art second to none in the world.
　　The collections in the Louvre comprise nine parts: Oriental Antiquities & Islamic Art; Egyptian Antiquities; Greek, Etruscan & Roman Antiquities; Sculptures; Objets d’Art; Paintings, Prints & Drawings; History of Louvre & Medieval Louvre; Arts and Civilizations of Africa, Asia & Oceania; and the Americas.
　　The first statue worthy of being visited was the Venus de Milo, which has a height of 2.04 meters and is located on the first floor. Carved about 150 BC by the Sculptor of Antioch, an ancient city on the Maeander River, it was lost for many centuries until finally unearthed, albeit with missing arms. Known as Aphrodite to the Greeks, the Roman Venus was the Goddess of Love; and her son was known as Cupid, the Messenger of Love, to the Romans and Eros, the God of Love (in its manifestation as sexual desire), to the Greeks.
　　To this day, the Venus de Milo remains a sculptural masterpiece with few rivals. Exquisitely carved, she remains a model of ideal feminine proportions and beauty. Though no one has found or been able to restore her lost arms, this only adds to her mystique, for rapt visitors can only imagine whether she is modestly covering herself, cuddling a baby, holding something, or reaching out to her lover.
　　La Victoire de Samothrace is another remarkable statue in the Louvre Museum. With a height of 3.28 meters, it is located at the stairway leading to the second floor. From three directions, visitors can appreciate her spreading-the-wings pose. When excavated in Greece in 1863, the statue had no head or arms. However, her posture, which looks as if she is about to fly into the air, is a moving demonstration of the elation that comes with victory.
　　Perhaps the most famous and important of all the masterpieces collected in the Louvre is the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, which attracts thousands of visitors every day. In order that visitors can easily find the place where this picture is exhibited, the museum administrators have placed some striking signposts at the entrance to direct the tourists.
　　 Though Mona Lisa is depicted as an ordinary young Italian woman in plain clothes, her mysterious smile makes all those who see her remember her forever.
　　From whatever angle you see Mona Lisa, she appears to be staring back at you; and many spend hours or perhaps a lifetime trying to discern what she is thinking or what mood lies behind her enigmatic smile. When I first visited the Louvre, many visitors were already standing in a long line, waiting to see her. In the autumn of 2003, visitors were allowed to take photos of this masterpiece on canvas. However, when I visited again in the spring of 2004, a rather large policewoman, standing in front of the picture, was quite serious about preventing visitors from shooting photos.

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