【呂劇唱響齊魯鄉(xiāng)音】 呂劇

　　呂劇是山東尤其濟(jì)南最主要的地方戲曲劇種之一。它以淳樸生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言、優(yōu)美悅耳的唱腔、豐富多彩的音樂(lè)語(yǔ)匯而深得廣大人民群眾的喜愛(ài)。 　　關(guān)于“呂劇”這一稱謂的由來(lái),有多種說(shuō)法。主要說(shuō)法是,因首演化裝揚(yáng)琴戲《王小趕腳》時(shí)以紙糊驢為道具演唱,被當(dāng)時(shí)的群眾稱之為“唱驢戲的”,或直稱為“驢戲”,“驢”字有失大雅,所以改名。因“驢”與“呂”諧音,遂演變?yōu)椤皡蝿　�。雖然“呂劇”這一稱謂的由來(lái)說(shuō)法眾多,但在解放前,“呂劇”這一名稱卻從來(lái)沒(méi)有被正式確定。藝人們一般將自己演唱戲稱為“化裝揚(yáng)琴戲”,大多數(shù)群眾也以“化裝揚(yáng)琴”或“揚(yáng)琴戲”稱之。
　　1952年以后,在對(duì)化裝揚(yáng)琴戲進(jìn)行了一系列改革的基礎(chǔ)上,以原“山東省歌劇團(tuán)”為基礎(chǔ)正式成立了“山東省呂劇團(tuán)”,“濟(jì)南市魯聲琴劇團(tuán)”也正式定名為“濟(jì)南市呂劇團(tuán)”。至此,呂劇這一名稱被正式確定。
　　中華人民共和國(guó)的成立,使呂劇發(fā)源地人民的物質(zhì)生活條件有了很大改善。呂劇作為一種真正的舞臺(tái)表演藝術(shù)受到黨和官方的重視及廣大群眾的熱愛(ài)。
　　呂劇的音樂(lè)是在從民間俗曲演變而來(lái)的,在“坐腔洋琴”的基礎(chǔ)上逐漸發(fā)展而成,其最為突出的特點(diǎn)是:既是“戲曲”又是“曲藝”。唱腔以板腔體為主,兼唱曲牌。曲調(diào)簡(jiǎn)單樸實(shí)、優(yōu)美動(dòng)聽(tīng)、靈活順口、易學(xué)易唱�；�本板式有“四平”、“二板”、“娃娃”三種。呂劇的伴奏樂(lè)器分文場(chǎng)和武場(chǎng)。文場(chǎng)主要樂(lè)器是墜琴、揚(yáng)琴,其次為二胡、三弦、琵琶、笛子、嗩吶等,可視劇情酌情增減。新中國(guó)成立后又增加了一些西洋管弦樂(lè)器,伴奏多采用“學(xué)舌”形式,武場(chǎng)伴奏樂(lè)器主要有皮鼓、板、大鑼、小鑼、大鐃鈸、堂鼓、打鼓等。鑼鼓經(jīng)均自京劇等劇種吸收。
　　呂劇曲調(diào)雖少,但富于變化。唱詞通俗易懂,唱腔樸實(shí)無(wú)華、優(yōu)美流利,娓娓動(dòng)聽(tīng)。而且,在民間有著深刻的群眾基礎(chǔ)。呂劇傳統(tǒng)劇目多取材于民間傳說(shuō)故事,反映下層人民普通的日常生活,內(nèi)容表現(xiàn)家庭倫理、風(fēng)土人情、戀愛(ài)婚姻、兒女情長(zhǎng),經(jīng)過(guò)歷代藝人的千錘百煉,大部分戲故事性強(qiáng),情節(jié)細(xì)致生動(dòng),群眾語(yǔ)匯豐富,表演樸實(shí)自然,沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格的程式規(guī)范,比較生活化。由于呂劇運(yùn)用齊魯鄉(xiāng)音表現(xiàn)民間生活、民俗民情,充滿人民的感情和生活氣息,故為廣大群眾喜聞樂(lè)見(jiàn)。
　　1953年,山東省呂劇團(tuán)《李二嫂改嫁》的改編演出獲得極大成功,使山東呂劇在全國(guó)馳名,是呂劇發(fā)展史上的一座里程碑。一批新的優(yōu)秀劇目如《姊妹易嫁》、傳統(tǒng)戲《王定保借當(dāng)》、《光明大道》分別獲得了劇本獎(jiǎng)、演員獎(jiǎng)和音樂(lè)獎(jiǎng)。《李二嫂改嫁》和其它劇目曾多次晉京演出,劇團(tuán)受到了黨和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的接見(jiàn)。1957年前后,《李二嫂改嫁》、《兩壟地》、《姊妹易嫁》、《王漢喜借年》、《逼婚記》等劇目先后拍成電影藝術(shù)片在全國(guó)乃至國(guó)外放映。在此期間,50年代以后出現(xiàn)的著名女演員郎咸芬在現(xiàn)代呂劇中創(chuàng)造了許多成功的藝術(shù)形象,《李二嫂改嫁》中的李二嫂、《豐收之后》中的趙五嬸都給人留下深刻印象。她唱腔淳厚、表演樸實(shí),很受觀眾歡迎。同期的著名女演員還有林建華,王俊英等。
　　50多年來(lái),經(jīng)過(guò)全省各大呂劇院(團(tuán))無(wú)數(shù)藝術(shù)家的辛勤勞動(dòng),呂劇藝術(shù)事業(yè)得到了空前發(fā)展。藝術(shù)院校、各院團(tuán)培養(yǎng)了大批優(yōu)秀人才,挖掘、移植了許多優(yōu)秀劇目,呂劇的唱腔設(shè)計(jì)、樂(lè)隊(duì)組合、舞臺(tái)美術(shù)、音響、燈光等方面也不斷改革,使呂劇面貌煥然一新。一臺(tái)臺(tái)優(yōu)秀劇目多次進(jìn)京上演,并得到許多國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人高度評(píng)價(jià),撐起中國(guó)戲曲藝術(shù)一片天地,發(fā)展為全國(guó)著名的地方劇種。
　　如今,呂劇在現(xiàn)代戲探索上也成績(jī)卓著,其中較有代表性的就是現(xiàn)代戲《補(bǔ)天》。作為山東省呂劇院的重頭戲,《補(bǔ)天》再現(xiàn)了當(dāng)年8000名山東籍赴疆墾荒女兵的感人故事。該劇取名《補(bǔ)天》,就是把8000名山東女兵比作“新時(shí)代的女媧”,謳歌她們的奉獻(xiàn)精神。它和《李二嫂改嫁》一起展示新老呂劇的風(fēng)采。
　　
　　Lu Opera, one of the foremost local operas of Shandong particularly of Jinan, is deeply loved by the great masses because of its simple and vivid language, melodious aria as well as its rich and colorful music.
　　The establishment of the People’s Republic of China greatly improved the living conditions of people who lived in the source region of the Lu Opera. And great attention of the Party and government was paid to the Lu Opera, a true art of stage performance, which was loved by the masses.
　　Over 50 years, through the hard work of innumerable artists from each large Lu Opera Troupe in the whole province, Lu Opera has achieved unprecedented development. Artistic schools and all theatres and troupes have cultivated a large number of excellent talents, and unearthed and modified many excellent plays. Moreover, designs of aria, bands, stage art, acoustics and lighting have gradually been reformed. All of this gives Lu Opera a complete new look. Excellent plays have been performed one after another in Beijing many times, which were thought highly of by many national leaders. Now it has got a footing among the operas in China, and has developed into a famous local opera nationwide.
　　Nowadays, Lu Opera has made outstanding achievements in exploring the modern drama in which the most representative one is the Improving Heaven. As an important modern drama to Shandong Lu Opera Troupe this year, the Improving Heaven reproduces a moving story of 8,000 female soldiers of Shandong Province who went to Xin Jiang Autonomous Region for cultivating wasteland. It is named as the Improving Heaven because the female soldiers of Shandong Province were compared to the “Nuwa of the new era” (hence Nuwa is a goddess in Chinese mythology who amends the heaven with stones), so as to praise their spirit of dedication. This opera, together with Li Ersao’s Remarriage,shoßws the charm of the old and new Lu Opera.

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